Term
| Fear (Difference Anxiety) |
|
Definition
| refers to an innate, almost biologically based alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more future-oriented and global, referring to the state in which an individuals inordinately apprehensive, tense, and uneasy about the prospect of something terrible happening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incapacitation by chronic and intense feelings of anxiety, feelings so strong that they are unable to function on a day-to-day basis and anxiety is unpleasant and makes it difficult for them to enjoy ordinary situations |
|
|
Term
| 7 Major Anxiety Disorders |
|
Definition
- panic disorder
- generalized anxiety disorder
- ocd
- specific phobia
- acute stress disorder
- ptsd
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by panic attacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periods of intense fear and physical discomfort, in which one feels overwhelmed and terrified by a range of bodily sensations that causes them to feel they are loosing control and has an intense urge to escape situation |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic Features of Panic Attack |
|
Definition
| one must experience four or more symptoms, which develop abruptly and reach a peak within ten minutes |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Panic Attack (1-6) |
|
Definition
- palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate
- sweating
- trembling or shaking
- sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
- feeling of choking
- chest pain or discomfort
|
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Panic Attack (7-13) |
|
Definition
- nausea or abdominal distress
- feelings of dizziness, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, or faintness
- unreality (derealization) or sensation of being detached from oneself (depersonalization)
- fear of dying
- sensation of tingling numbness
- chills or hot flushes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- unexpected (uncued)
- situationally bound (cued)
- situationally predisposed
|
|
|
Term
| Unexpected (Uncued) Panic Attack |
|
Definition
| a panic attack arising out of the bule and a prerequisite for diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| Situationally Bound (Cued) Panic Attack |
|
Definition
| panic attack occurring in anticipation of confronting a particular situation or immediately following exposure to a specific stimulus or cue in environment |
|
|
Term
| Situationally Predisposed Panic Attack |
|
Definition
| person has tendency to have panic attack in the situation but does not have one every time |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic Features of Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
| panic attacks occur on a recurrent basis or when a month has elapsed since the first panic attack but the individual has continued to feel apprehensive and worried about the possibility of recurring attacks |
|
|
Term
| Comorbidity and Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
| 50% comorbidity with agoraphobia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense anxiety about being trapped, stranded, or embarrassed in a situation such as being in a crowd, being on a bridge, or traveling in a bus, train, or car without help if a panic attack were to occur |
|
|
Term
| 3 Biological Theories of Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- genetic component
- neurotransmitters
- anxiety sensitivity
|
|
|
Term
| 2 Genetic Component Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- biological relatives of individuals with panic disorder are 8 times more likely to develop the condition
- people that develop panic disorder before age 20 are 20 times more likely to have first-degree relatives with condition
|
|
|
Term
| 2 Neurotransmitter Theories Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- people with panic disorder have an excess of norepinephrine in amygdala
- people with panic disorder have a deficit of in the neurotransmitter GABA
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure in limbic system involved in fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter with inhibitory effects on neurons |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety Sensitivity Theory |
|
Definition
| people with panic disorder tend to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in catastrophic manner and suffer from hypersensitive "suffocation" mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensative "Suffocation" Mechanism |
|
Definition
| feeling as though one cannot breathe, even though others would feel nothing unusual in the situation causing hyperventilation leading to panic |
|
|
Term
| Biologically Based Treatments Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medications that bind to receptor sites of GABA neurons, which then become activated by this stimulation, leading to the inhibition of the brain sites involved in panic attacks |
|
|
Term
| 4 Benzodiazepines Used in Treating Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- librium
- valium
- tranxene
- xanax
|
|
|
Term
| 2 Psychological Theories of Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- behavioral theories of fear acquisition
- cognitive-behavioral theories of fear acquisition
|
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Theory of Fear Acquisition |
|
Definition
| conditioned fear reactions |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Fear Reactions |
|
Definition
| acquired associations between an internal or external cue and feelings of intense anxiety or the association of certain bodily sensations with memories of the last panic attack, causing a full-blown panic attack to develop even before measurable biological changes have occurred which, over time, cause individual to anticipate panic attack before it happens, leading to avoidance behavior seen in agoraphobia |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Panic Disorder (Cognitive) |
|
Definition
| individual develops distorted beliefs, which add to anxious apprehension of a panic attack occurring in an uncontrollable manner in future |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Panic Disorder (Behavioral) |
|
Definition
| vicous cycle begins with experience of negative feelings causing person to feel that what is happening is unpredictable leading to increase in intensity of feelings drawing attention of individual |
|
|
Term
| 2 Behavior Techniques in Treatment of Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- relaxation training
- counterconditioning
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| client learns systematically to alternate tensing and relaxing muscles all over the body, usually starting at forehead and working downward to feet so that when confronted with a feared situation client will be able to relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| client hyperventilates intentionally and then begins slow breathing, a response incompatible with hyperventilation so that the client can begin the slow breathing at first signs of hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| 2 Cognitive Techniques for Treating Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- graduated exposure
- panic control therapy
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| client gradually exposes themselves to increasingly challenging anxiety-provoking situations |
|
|
Term
| Panic Control Therapy (PCT) |
|
Definition
| cognitive restructuring used in treating patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia focusing on development of an awareness of bodily cues associated with panic attacks, and breathing retraining |
|
|
Term
| Aversion (Difference Specific Phobia) |
|
Definition
| responses of discomfort or dislike to a particular object or situation but not much cause for concern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation that provokes an immediate anxiety response, causes significant disruption in functioning, and results in avoidance behavior |
|
|
Term
| 5 Symptoms of Specific Phobia |
|
Definition
- persistent fear brought on by presence or anticipation of specific object or situation
- immediate anxiety, possibly in form of panic attack
- recognition that fear is excessive or unreasonable
- avoidance of situation
- intense anxiety and distress if confronted with object or situation
|
|
|
Term
| 5 Subtypes of Specific Phobias |
|
Definition
- animal
- natural environment
- blood-injection-injury
- situational
- other
|
|
|
Term
| 7 Behavioral Treatments for Phobias |
|
Definition
- systematic desensitization
- flooding
- imaginal flooding
- in vivo
- graduated exposure
- modeling
- positive reinforcement
|
|
|
Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
|
Definition
| individual can best overcome maladaptive anxiety by approaching feared stimuli gradually, while in a relaxed state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| client totally immersed in sensation of anxiety, rather than being gradually acclimated to feared situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| client is immersed through imagination in the feared situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actual exposure of feared object or situation until the client no longer feels anxious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clients initially confront situations that cause only minor anxiety and then gradually progress toward those that cause greater anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acquiring new behavior by imitating that of another person or watching the therapist show no signs of fear to stimulus and modeling that response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapist becomes guide and source of support and praise for client's successes |
|
|
Term
| 3 Cognitive Treatments of Specific Phobia |
|
Definition
- cognitive restructuring
- thought stopping
- improving self-efficacy
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| challenges irrational beliefs about feared stimulus and can involve "talking to self" or telling oneself that their fears are ridiculous and that nothing bad will really happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual learns to stop anxiety provoking thoughts by alerting therapist when anxiety-provoking though is present at which point the therapist yells "stop!" - client mentally verbalizes this outside of therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helping client understand that people that, for example, they are bigger than the spider |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings of tremendous anxiety in nearly all social situations or situations in which others might be observing them |
|
|
Term
| 6 Symptoms of Social Phobia |
|
Definition
- intense fear that one's behavior in a public situation will be mocked or criticized by others
- fear of appearing anxious or acting in embarrassing way
- low self-esteem
- underestimate talents
- recognize own fears are unreasonable
- ruminate about how they could have acted differently in social event
|
|
|
Term
| Comorbidity of Social Disorder in Children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| anxiety is constant feature of a persons day-to-day functioning accompanied with somatic complaints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- restless
- difficulty concentrating
- difficulty sleeping
- fatigued
- irritable
- tense
- unrealistic worries
- persistent
- failure in controlling worry
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must experience excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, pertaining to a number of events of activities such as work or school |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
|
Definition
| involves either or both components or recurrent obsessions and compulsions that interfere with an individual's daily life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a persistent and intrusive idea, thought, impulse, or image that raises anxiety such as contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules in an attempt to reduce anxiety |
|
|
Term
| 4 Dimensions of Symptoms of OCD |
|
Definition
- obsessions associated with checking compulsions
- the need to have symmetry and to put things in order
- obsessions about cleanliness associated with compulsions to wash
- hoarding-related behaviors
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- thought stopping
- exposure and response (ritual) prevention (ERP)
- SSRIs
- psychosurgery (cingulotomy)
|
|
|
Term
| Exposure and Response Therapy (Exposure) |
|
Definition
| exposure to situations that provoke compulsive rituals or obsessions as exposure helps reduce the obsessive anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exposure and Response Therapy (Response) |
|
Definition
| clinician instructs client to stop performing compulsive behaviors, either totally or in graded steps as prevention of responses controls a person's rituals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesioning of cingulate bundle, an are of limbic system implicated in development of anxiety and compulsive behavior by drilling small holes into the skull and placing electrodes in each cingulate bundle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings of intense fear, helplessness, or horror following a traumatic experience lasting about 2-4 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disastrous or extremely painful event that has severe psychological and physiological effects including personal tragedies such as car accident, victimization such as rape, or experience of life-threatening calamity |
|
|
Term
| 6 Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder |
|
Definition
- depersonalization
- numbing
- dissociative amnesia
- intense anxiety
- hypervigilance
- impairment in everyday functioning
|
|
|
Term
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
|
|
Definition
| prolonged, maladaptive, reaction to traumatic that can last many months or even years after event |
|
|
Term
| 2 clusters of symptoms related to PTSD |
|
Definition
- intrusions and avoidance
- hyperarousal and numbing
|
|
|
Term
| 5 Symptoms of Intrusions and Avoidance |
|
Definition
- intrusive thoughts
- recurrent dreams
- flashbacks
- hyperactivity to cues of trauma
- avoidance of thoughts or reminders
|
|
|
Term
| 5 Symptoms of Hyperarousal and Numbing |
|
Definition
- detachment
- loss of interest in everyday activities
- sleep disturbance
- irritability
- sense of a foreshortened future
|
|
|
Term
| 2 Differences Between PTSD and ASD |
|
Definition
- asd (2-4 weeks of symptoms)
- ptsd (symptoms last for more than 1 month)
- asd is more accute focusing on detachment from self and environment
|
|
|
Term
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) |
|
Definition
| left to right stimulation while flooding mind with images of traumatic triggers |
|
|
Term
| Treatments for Trauma-Induced Disorders |
|
Definition
- behavioral (covering and uncovering)
- cognitive-behavioral (in vivo with relaxation)(cognitive restructuring)
- breaking down problems into more manageable units
- balance between self-blame and avoidance
- medications (anti-anxiety and antidepressants)
- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
|
|
|
Term
| 3 Categories of Risk Factors in Developing PTSD |
|
Definition
- pre-existing factors to individual
- factors related to event
- events following experience of trauma
|
|
|
Term
| 5 Prexisting Factors of Individual |
|
Definition
- gender
- age
- race
- marital status
- gender
|
|
|
Term
| 3 Risk Factors Involving Event |
|
Definition
- severity
- whether or not there was bodily injury
- rape
|
|
|
Term
| 2 Risk Factors Relating to Aftermath of Experience |
|
Definition
- social supports
- stigma of seeking mental health services
|
|
|
