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Chapter 5-8
Lenoir-Rhyne Microbiology Dr. Lutz
110
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2008

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Term
Catabolism
Definition
breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
Term
anabolism
Definition
building large molecules out of smaller molecules.
Term
How many ATP can you get from glycolysis
Definition
2-4
Term
How many ATP can you get from the electron transport system?
Definition
34-36
Term
How many ATP can you get from the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
2
Term
Glycolysis starts with a six carbon sugar that breaks into what?
Definition
2 pyruvic acids
Term
Anaerobic means with/ without oxygen?
Definition
without
Term
Aerobic means with/ without oxygen?
Definition
with
Term
In bacterial cells most energy producing reactions occur near what?
Definition
the cell membrane
Term
enzyme
Definition
a catalyst that reduces the energy needed to start a chemical reaction and may increase the rate of the reaction without being used up in the reaction
Term
electron acceptor
Definition
An atom or molecule such as oxygen that is relatively easily reduced by accepting electrons and protons
Term
Electron Transport System
Definition
A series of steps that oxidize NADH and FADH2 by transferring a hydrogen atom from them to an oygen atom
Term
Cytochrome
Definition
An electron carrier in the electron transport system
Term
Fermentation
Definition
the conversion of pyruvic acid into such products as alchol and organic acids
Term
Phsophorylation
Definition
the addition of phophorous to a molecule.
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
a series of reactions involving the catabolism of glucose resulting in the production of pyruvic acid
Term
metabolism
Definition
the sum of all chemical reactions going on in a cell or microorganism
Term
reduced
Definition
the condition of a molecule to which electrons have been added
Term
oxidized
Definition
the condition of a molecule to which electrons have been removed
Term
2 pyruvic acids + 2 NADH form_________ + _______.
Definition
2 Lactic acids + 2 NAD
Term
Complementary pairing
Definition
A structural relationship between necleotid bases taht allows adenine to bond with thymine and guanine to bond to cytosine
Term
Template
Definition
A DNA molecule or sequence used as the pattern for making a new nucleotide polymer during replication or transcription
Term
Genetic code
Definition
The three base sequences in the mRNA that specify a specific amino acid
Term
Protein synthesis
Definition
The process of transcription and translation by which the information on the RNA is made into proteins
Term
Transcription
Definition
RNA synthesis; the process by which information encoded on the DNA is copied onto and RNA molecule
Term
Codon
Definition
Three sequential mRNA bases that match a three base sequence in the DNA code designating a specific amino acid in a protein
Term
Mutation
Definition
Any change in the normal DNA base sequence
Term
Point mutation
Definition
A mutation where one base has been substituted by another
Term
genotype
Definition
The total genetic information in the cell. Normally only selected parts of the genotype are used at any one time. Thus, cells may have much greater genetic capability than is observable at any given time.
Term
phenotype
Definition
The observable characteristics of an organism
Term
mutagen
Definition
A physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of mutation
Term
plasmid
Definition
Circular, extrachromosomal DNA that can be transferred between cells.Plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal DNA and provid genetic information that will be expressed in addition to that of the chormosome.
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
A virus taht infects bacterial cells
Term
Prophage
Definition
The phage DNA integrated into the bacerial chromosome
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
The series of steps by which a phage replicates and bursts the host cell
Term
temperate
Definition
Referring to a bacteriophage that does not cause immediate lysis of the infected bacerial cell
Term
lysogenic
Definition
The ability of a bacteriophage to integrate its DNA into the bacterial chromosome.
Term
What shape does DNA take?
Definition
double helix
Term
In the replication of bacteria the daughter cell comes completely from?
Definition
the mother cell
Term
In Fredrick Griffith's experiment when a mouse was injected with smooth strepococcus pneumonia with a capsule did the mouse die or live? What about when it was injected with head killed smooth streptococus pneumonia? Rough streptoccus pneumonia? Heat killed smooth and rough?
Definition
Smooth with capsule- mouse died
Heat killed smooth- mouse lived
Rough- mouse lived
Both heat killed smooth and rough- mouse died
Term
What are some ways bacteria can replicate?
Definition
Transcription, translation, mutation, transformation, transduction
Term
After a phage attaches itself to the host cell, what does it inject?
Definition
it's DNA
Term
Do temperate viruses immediately kill the cell?
Definition
no
Term
Changing the way a cell reacts can be accomplished by changing the cells_____?
Definition
DNA
Term
A mutation is a change in the_______ ______?
Definition
genetic code
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA encoded on an RNA molecule then transferred to another cell
Term
Translation
Definition
Eukaryotic cell, mRNA passes from nucleus to cytoplasm, and that is where the translation occurs
Term
Mutation
Definition
change in genetic code- that change can be brought about by physical agents/ chemical agents/ radiation
Term
Transformation
Definition
plasmid is transferred from one cell to another
Term
Electron Transport System
Definition
a series of steps that oxidize NADH and FADH by transferring a hydrogen atom from them to an oxygen atom
Term
Electron Acceptor
Definition
an atom or molecule that is relatively easily reduced by accepting electrons and protons
Term
Krebs Cycle
Definition
a series of reactions where pyruvic acid is completely oxidized and hydrogen in transferred to an appropriate carrier molecule
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
a series of reactions involving the catabolism of glucose, resulting in the production of pyruvic acid
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
addition of a phosphate group
Term
Fermentation
Definition
in the human body it occurs in skeletal muscle when you are doing aerobic exercise
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the sum of all chemical reactions going on in a cell or microorganism
Term
gains a hydrogen
Definition
reduced
Term
loses a hydrogen
Definition
oxidized
Term
What catalyzes a reaction?
Definition
enzyme
Term
complimentary pairing
Definition
a structural relationship
between nucleotide bases that allows adenine to
bond with thymine and guanine to bond to cytosine
Term
Template
Definition
A DNA molecule or sequence used as
the pattern for making a new nucleotide polymer
during replication or transcription
Term
Genetic code
Definition
the three base sequences (codons) in
the mRNA that specify a specific amino acid
Term
protein synthesis
Definition
the process of transcription and
translation by which the information on the DNA is
made into proteins
Term
Transcription
Definition
RNA synthesis; the process by
which information encoded on the DNA is copied
onto an RNA molecule
Term
lysogenic
Definition
the ability of a bacteriophage to integrate its DNA into the bacterial chromosome
Term
temperate
Definition
referring to a bacteriophage that does not cause immediate lysis of the infected bacterial cell
Term
lytic cell
Definition
the series of steps by which a phage replicates and bursts the host cell
Term
prophage
Definition
the phage DNA integrated into the bacterial chromosome
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
a virus that infects bacterial cells
Term
plasmid
Definition
Circular, extra chromosomal DNA
Term
mutagen
Definition
A physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of mutation
Term
phenotype
Definition
the observable characteristics of an organism
Term
Heterotroph
Definition
an organism that requires organic compounds as a source of carbon
Term
autotroph
Definition
an organism that obtains its carbon from carbon dioxide and energy from light or inorganic compounds
Term
organic
Definition
orgnisms containing carbon
Term
fastidious
Definition
requiring special nutrient supplementation in order to grow
Term
pure culture
Definition
a culture containing only a single species of microorganism
Term
pure culture
Definition
a culture containing only a single species of microorganism
Term
inorganic
Definition
lacking carbon
Term
inoculation
Definition
a process whereby microorganisms are placed into or on culture media
Term
Generation time
Definition
the length of time for a population ot double in number
Term
growth rate
Definition
the number of generations of a species within a given length of time
Term
viable
Definition
living or capable of reproduction
Term
stationary phase
Definition
a period during which number of new cells produced in equal to the number that die
Term
etiologic agent
Definition
a microorganism that causes a disease
Term
ionic concentration
Definition
the concentration of ions in a solution
Term
Things to take into consideration when trying to grow any living thing, especially bacteria
Definition
Moisture
Oxygen
Concentration
Temperature
Nutrients
pH
Term
At what pH is normal body fluids?
Definition
7.45
Term
Do Acidophiles like lower or higher pH?
Definition
lower
Term
Alkaliphiles like higher or lower pH?
Definition
higher
Term
Most microbes grow around what pH?
Definition
7
Term
sepsis
Definition
a constellation of symptoms
Term
septicemia
Definition
pathogens in your blood stream
Term
Bacteremia
Definition
bacteria in your blood
Term
Decontamination
Definition
getting rid of disease containing microbes
Term
sanitation
Definition
a cleaning technique that physically removes microbe organism
Term
antiseptics
Definition
are applied to living tissues
Term
Does disinfectants kill all microbes?
Definition
no- just pathogens
Term
sterilization
Definition
a process that kills all living organisms
Term
Methods that can cause sterilization and disinfection
Definition
Heat
Moist heat under pressure
Moist heat not under pressure
Dry heat
Heat and chemical vapor
Radiation
Filtration
Term
What percentage of air borne particles do HEPA filters remove?
Definition
99.9
Term
What are some chemical disinfectants?
Definition
Alcohols
Heavy metals
Phenolic compounds
Hydrogen peroxide
Quaternary ammonia
Halogens
Ethanol oxide
Term
What are the phases of the bacterial growth curve?
Definition
lag phase, growth phase, stationary phase, death phase
Term
What did Griffith do?
Definition
showed that an avirulent microbe could be turned into a virulent microbe
Term
what did Avery do?
Definition
showed that DNA was the genetic material inside the cell
Term
What did Watson and Crick do?
Definition
showed that DNA had a double helix shape, base pairings and suggested DNA replicated
Term
conjunction
Definition
bacterial sex, plus cell is male, negative cell is female, plus cell has a conjugation pili or sex pili and a plasmid. Plasmid is transferred from the plus cell to negative cell via conjugation pili.
Term
A bacterial example that Superoxide dismutase is used for.
Definition
Streptococcus faecalis
Term
A bacterial example that Peroxidase is used for.
Definition
Lactobacillus
Term
A Bacterial example that Catalase is used for.
Definition
E. coli
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