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chapter 4 schoolcraft college bio 101
book is biology concepts & connections by reece, taylor, simon, and dickey
98
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/22/2012

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Term
Robert Hooke 
Definition
Cells were first observed by 
Term
the light microscope (LM
Definition
The most frequently used microscope is the 
Term
Magnification 
Definition
is the increase in the apparent size of an object
Term
Resolution 
Definition
is a measure of the clarity of an image. In other words, it is the ability of an instrument to show two close objects as separate
Term
micrograph
Definition
is a photo taken through a microscope
Term
cell theory
Definition
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells.
Term
electron microscope (EM)
Definition
a very powerful microscope called the to view the complex internal anatomy of the cell
Term
Scanning electron microscopes 
Definition
study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces.
Term
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) 
Definition
study the details of internal cell structures
Term
Cell size 
Definition
must be large enough to house DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce.
Term
cell size 
Definition
must be small enough to allow for a surface-to-volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment (allow oxygen, nutrients, and wastes across its surface).
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
is a living, thin, flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings.
Term
Detects stimuli 
Definition
things happening outside the cell
Term
Traffic Cop 
Definition
regulates the flow of material in and out of the cell
Term
Gas exchange 
Definition
brings oxygen in; lets carbon dioxide out
Term
Excretion
Definition
let things out e.g. waste products
Term
Absorption 
Definition
bring things in, e.g. nutrients
Term
phospholipid bilayer 
Definition
Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a
Term
Hydrophilic “heads” 
Definition
contain the negatively charged phosphate group.  They face outward exposed to water, outside and inside the cell
Term
contain the two fatty acid tails.  They point inward, shielded from water.
Definition
Hydrophobic “tails” 
Term
Membrane proteins 
Definition
are embedded in the lipid bilayer or attached to the membrane surface
Term

prokaryotic cells.

Pro = before; karyon = nucleus

 
Definition
Bacteria and archaea are 
Term

eukaryotic cells.

Eu = true; karyon = nucleus

 
Definition
All other forms of life (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) are composed of 
Term
Eukaryotic 
Definition
cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
: interior of cell containing cytosol plus the organelles (only in eukaryotes!!!!) 
Term
The cytosol 
Definition
is the "soup" within the cell where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. It is 80% water with other things, such as salts, dissolved in it.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
contain genes made of DNA)
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
structures that synthesize proteins
Term

Eukaryotic cells 

 
Definition

Have a membrane-bound nucleus 

Have organelles e.g. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria

 
Term
Prokaryotic cells
Definition

Have  a nucleoid (region where cell’s DNA is concentrated – no membrane)

Have NO organelles

Most have a cell wall (maintains shape & protects cell)

Are one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells

 
Term
Cellular metabolism
Definition
, the many chemical activities of cells, occurs within organelles
Term

The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules.

Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing.

Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall

Definition
The Structures and Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Perform Four Basic Functions
Term

Lysosomes

Centrioles

 
Definition
Only animal cells (but NOT plant cells) have
Term

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

Central vacuole

Definition
Only plant cells (but NOT animal cells) have
Term
Nucleus
Definition
is the Cell’s Genetic Command Center
Term
nucleus
Definition

contains most of the cell’s DNA – the master plans of a cell.

It controls the cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis.

It makes exact copies of itself when the cell divides.

 
Term
nucleus 
Definition
is usually the largest organelle in the cell and visible under the light microscope.
Term
nuclear envelope 
Definition
is a double membrane and has pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus
Term
nucleolus
Definition

is a prominent structure in the nucleus and is the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made.

rRNA is a component of ribosomes.

 
Term
mRNA
Definition
The nucleus directs protein synthesis by making another type of RNA called
Term
mRNA 
Definition
is a temporary working copy of protein-synthesizing instructions from DNA
Term
Ribosomes 
Definition
are involved in the cell’s protein synthesis.
Term
Ribosomes 
Definition

They read the instructions on mRNA to build a protein.

 
Term

Internal membranes are a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells and are involved in many of the cell’s functions.

 
Definition
The Endomembrane System is a Biosynthetic Factory
Term
endomembrane system
Definition
Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the
Term
vesicles (sacs made of membrane).
Definition
Some of these membranes are physically connected and some are related by the transfer of membrane segments by tiny 
Term
is it divides the cell into separate parts with different functions
Definition
An important aspect of the endomembrane system
Term

the nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus

lysosomes

vacuoles

the plasma membrane

Many of these organelles work together in the synthesis, distribution, storage, and export of molecules like proteins.

 
Definition
The endomembrane system includes
Term

Endoplasmic = “within the cytoplasm”; reticulum = “little net”

 
Definition
§It is a membranous network of flattened sacs and tubules.

 

Term

Smooth ER 

 
Definition

Lacks attached ribosomes.

Produces enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and breaking down toxins e.g. alcohol, drugs.

 
Term

Rough ER 

 
Definition

Has ribosomes on its outer surface – “looks rough”

Produces more membranes, and the ribosomes on its surface produce membrane and secretory proteins (proteins that will be secreted)

Term

mRNA arrives from nucleus.

Binds to ribosome on rough ER and a polypeptide is made.  This polypeptide is threaded inside the rough ER.

The new protein folds into its 3-D shape and sugar molecules are attached to it – now its called a glycoprotein (“sugar protein”)

Glycoprotein is packaged in transport vesicle (sac that moves from one part of cell to another).

Vesicle “buds off” from ER membrane and is headed for the Golgi apparatus for additional processing.

 
Definition
Synthesis and Packaging of a Secretory Protein by the Rough ER
Term
Golgi apparatus 
Definition
serves as a warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER.
Term
Golgi apparatus 
Definition

Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the protein and the other as a shipping dock.

Molecular tags are added to the products (remove or add sugars) as they go from o

Term
Lysosomes 
Definition
are digestive compartments within animal cells. 
Term
Lysosome 
Definition

= “breakdown body”

They are membranous sacs that keep their acidic digestive enzymes safely isolated from the rest of the cell.

 
Term
The enzymes and membrane of lysosomes 
Definition
lysosomes are produced by the rough ER and further processed in the Golgi apparatus.
Term
Lysosomes 
Definition
help digest food particles engulfed by a cell.
Term
Lysosomes 
Definition

A food vacuole binds with a lysosome.

The enzymes in the lysosome digest the food.

The nutrients are then released into the cell.

 
Term
Lysosomes 
Definition
break down and digest damaged organelles within cells.  The remaining organic molecules are released for re-use within the cell.
Term
Peroxisomes 
Definition
are organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. While they may resemble a lysosome, they are not formed in the Golgi complex and NOT part of the endomembrane system
Term
Peroxisomes 
Definition
function to rid the body of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or other metabolites like alcohol
Term
Vacuoles 
Definition
are large vesicles with a variety of functions.
Term
food vacuole 
Definition
forms from folding in of the plasma membrane as a cell ingests food. 
Term
Contractile vacuoles 
Definition
as shown in the picture on the right take in and expel water – they monitor water balance.
Term
Central vacuoles 
Definition

in plants helps the cell to grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging.

It also stores vital chemicals and can store toxic waste products.

 
Term
Mitochondria 
Definition
harvest chemical energy from food; it’s the powerhouse of the cell! 
Term
Mitochondria 
Definition
are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells.
Term
Cellular respiration 
Definition

converts the chemical energy in foods like sugars to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

ATP is needed to do any work in the cell

Term
Chloroplasts 
Definition
are organelles that perform photosynthesis in certain eukaryotes (plants and some protists).
Term
Photosynthesis 
Definition
is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules.
Term
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts 
Definition
have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Term
Instead, mitochondria only come from other mitochondria and chloroplasts only come from other chloroplasts
Definition
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are NOT synthesized in a cell like ribosomes and lysosomes
Term
endosymbiosis (cell lives within another cell
Definition
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by 
Term
endosymbiont theory
Definition
proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that were engulfed and began living within larger cells.
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Cells contain a network of protein fibers within its cytoplasm called t
Term
cytoskeleton 
Definition

functions in structural support and cell motility or movement.

Cell motility includes internal movement of cell parts and locomotion of the cell.

 
Term
cytoskeleton 
Definition
is composed of three kinds of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Term
Microfilaments 
Definition

are the thinnest fiber and are composed of a protein called actin.

They support the cell’s shape and are involved in motility e.g. contraction of muscle cells, “crawling” movement of white blood cells

Term
Intermediate filaments 
Definition

are the intermediate fiber and are composed of various proteins.

They reinforce the cell’s shape and anchor certain organelles in place like the nucleus.

Term
Microtubules 
Definition

are the thickest fibers and are composed of proteins called tubulins.

They shape and support the cell, and act as “tracks” along which organelles move from one place to another in a cell.

They guide the movement of chromosomes when the cells divide.  They also form the basic structures for centrioles, cilia, and flagella

Term
Centrioles 
Definition
help to organize cell division or mitosis; they help to move chromosomes during cell division.
Term
Centrioles 
Definition
are composed of microtubules and are found only in animal cells.
Term
Cilia 
Definition
are shorter than flagella, more numerous, and beat in a coordinated pattern like oars on a crew boat.
Term
Flagella
Definition
like cilia, are found on single-celled organisms like protists and multicellular organisms like you!
Term
extracellular matrix (ECM
Definition
Animal cells synthesize and secrete materials in an elaborate network that remains outside the plasma membrane called the 
Term
ECM 
Definition
is mostly composed of glycoproteins (proteins bonded to a sugar molecule
Term
Collagen 
Definition
is the most abundant glycoprotein and forms strong fibers outside the cell.  
Term
ECM 
Definition
functions to hold cells together in tissues, protects and supports the plasma membrane, and regulates a cell’s behavior
Term
Tight junctions 
Definition
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of cells
Term
Anchoring junctions 
Definition
act like rivets and fasten cells together into strong sheets.  They are found in tissues that undergo a lot of stretching such as skin and heart muscle
Term
Gap junctions 
Definition
are channels that allow molecules and electric charges to flow between cells.  Helps to coordinate contraction of heart muscle
Term
junctions 
Definition
Adjacent cells communicate, interact, and adhere through specialized
Term
cell wall.
Definition
A plant cell, but not an animal cell, has a rigid 
Term
The cell wall 
Definition
protects plant cells and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright against gravity
Term
Cell wall 
Definition
is primarily composed of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins – resembles fiberglass or rebar in concrete
Term
plasmodesmata that serve in communication between cells.
Definition
Plant cells have cell junctions called 
Term
Plasmodesmata 
Definition
are circulatory and communication channels between plant cells – water, chemical messages, and nourishment flow through these.
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