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| Cells were first observed by |
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| The most frequently used microscope is the |
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| is the increase in the apparent size of an object |
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| is a measure of the clarity of an image. In other words, it is the ability of an instrument to show two close objects as separate |
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| is a photo taken through a microscope |
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| all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells. |
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| a very powerful microscope called the to view the complex internal anatomy of the cell |
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| Scanning electron microscopes |
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| study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces. |
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| Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) |
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| study the details of internal cell structures |
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| must be large enough to house DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce. |
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| must be small enough to allow for a surface-to-volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment (allow oxygen, nutrients, and wastes across its surface). |
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| is a living, thin, flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings. |
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| things happening outside the cell |
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| regulates the flow of material in and out of the cell |
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| brings oxygen in; lets carbon dioxide out |
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| let things out e.g. waste products |
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| bring things in, e.g. nutrients |
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| Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a |
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| contain the negatively charged phosphate group. They face outward exposed to water, outside and inside the cell |
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| contain the two fatty acid tails. They point inward, shielded from water. |
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| are embedded in the lipid bilayer or attached to the membrane surface |
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prokaryotic cells.
Pro = before; karyon = nucleus
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eukaryotic cells.
Eu = true; karyon = nucleus
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| All other forms of life (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) are composed of |
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| cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus |
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| : interior of cell containing cytosol plus the organelles (only in eukaryotes!!!!) |
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| is the "soup" within the cell where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. It is 80% water with other things, such as salts, dissolved in it. |
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| contain genes made of DNA) |
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| structures that synthesize proteins |
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Have a membrane-bound nucleus
Have organelles e.g. Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
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Have a nucleoid (region where cell’s DNA is concentrated – no membrane)
Have NO organelles
Most have a cell wall (maintains shape & protects cell)
Are one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells
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| , the many chemical activities of cells, occurs within organelles |
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The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules.
Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing.
Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall |
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| The Structures and Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Perform Four Basic Functions |
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| Only animal cells (but NOT plant cells) have |
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Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole |
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| Only plant cells (but NOT animal cells) have |
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| is the Cell’s Genetic Command Center |
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contains most of the cell’s DNA – the master plans of a cell.
It controls the cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis.
It makes exact copies of itself when the cell divides.
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| is usually the largest organelle in the cell and visible under the light microscope. |
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| is a double membrane and has pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus |
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is a prominent structure in the nucleus and is the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made.
rRNA is a component of ribosomes.
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| The nucleus directs protein synthesis by making another type of RNA called |
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| is a temporary working copy of protein-synthesizing instructions from DNA |
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| are involved in the cell’s protein synthesis. |
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They read the instructions on mRNA to build a protein.
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Internal membranes are a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells and are involved in many of the cell’s functions.
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| The Endomembrane System is a Biosynthetic Factory |
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| Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the |
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| vesicles (sacs made of membrane). |
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| Some of these membranes are physically connected and some are related by the transfer of membrane segments by tiny |
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| is it divides the cell into separate parts with different functions |
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| An important aspect of the endomembrane system |
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the nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
the plasma membrane
Many of these organelles work together in the synthesis, distribution, storage, and export of molecules like proteins.
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| The endomembrane system includes |
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Endoplasmic = “within the cytoplasm”; reticulum = “little net”
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§It is a membranous network of flattened sacs and tubules.
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Lacks attached ribosomes.
Produces enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and breaking down toxins e.g. alcohol, drugs.
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Has ribosomes on its outer surface – “looks rough”
Produces more membranes, and the ribosomes on its surface produce membrane and secretory proteins (proteins that will be secreted) |
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mRNA arrives from nucleus.
Binds to ribosome on rough ER and a polypeptide is made. This polypeptide is threaded inside the rough ER.
The new protein folds into its 3-D shape and sugar molecules are attached to it – now its called a glycoprotein (“sugar protein”)
Glycoprotein is packaged in transport vesicle (sac that moves from one part of cell to another).
Vesicle “buds off” from ER membrane and is headed for the Golgi apparatus for additional processing.
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| Synthesis and Packaging of a Secretory Protein by the Rough ER |
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| serves as a warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER. |
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Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the protein and the other as a shipping dock.
Molecular tags are added to the products (remove or add sugars) as they go from o |
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| are digestive compartments within animal cells. |
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= “breakdown body”
They are membranous sacs that keep their acidic digestive enzymes safely isolated from the rest of the cell.
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| The enzymes and membrane of lysosomes |
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| lysosomes are produced by the rough ER and further processed in the Golgi apparatus. |
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| help digest food particles engulfed by a cell. |
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A food vacuole binds with a lysosome.
The enzymes in the lysosome digest the food.
The nutrients are then released into the cell.
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| break down and digest damaged organelles within cells. The remaining organic molecules are released for re-use within the cell. |
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| are organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. While they may resemble a lysosome, they are not formed in the Golgi complex and NOT part of the endomembrane system |
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| function to rid the body of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or other metabolites like alcohol |
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| are large vesicles with a variety of functions. |
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| forms from folding in of the plasma membrane as a cell ingests food. |
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| as shown in the picture on the right take in and expel water – they monitor water balance. |
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in plants helps the cell to grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging.
It also stores vital chemicals and can store toxic waste products.
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| harvest chemical energy from food; it’s the powerhouse of the cell! |
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| are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells. |
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converts the chemical energy in foods like sugars to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP is needed to do any work in the cell |
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| are organelles that perform photosynthesis in certain eukaryotes (plants and some protists). |
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| is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules. |
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| Both mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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| have their own DNA and ribosomes. |
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| Instead, mitochondria only come from other mitochondria and chloroplasts only come from other chloroplasts |
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| Mitochondria and chloroplasts are NOT synthesized in a cell like ribosomes and lysosomes |
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| endosymbiosis (cell lives within another cell |
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| Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by |
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| proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that were engulfed and began living within larger cells. |
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| Cells contain a network of protein fibers within its cytoplasm called t |
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functions in structural support and cell motility or movement.
Cell motility includes internal movement of cell parts and locomotion of the cell.
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| is composed of three kinds of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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are the thinnest fiber and are composed of a protein called actin.
They support the cell’s shape and are involved in motility e.g. contraction of muscle cells, “crawling” movement of white blood cells |
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are the intermediate fiber and are composed of various proteins.
They reinforce the cell’s shape and anchor certain organelles in place like the nucleus. |
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are the thickest fibers and are composed of proteins called tubulins.
They shape and support the cell, and act as “tracks” along which organelles move from one place to another in a cell.
They guide the movement of chromosomes when the cells divide. They also form the basic structures for centrioles, cilia, and flagella |
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| help to organize cell division or mitosis; they help to move chromosomes during cell division. |
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| are composed of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. |
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| are shorter than flagella, more numerous, and beat in a coordinated pattern like oars on a crew boat. |
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| like cilia, are found on single-celled organisms like protists and multicellular organisms like you! |
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| extracellular matrix (ECM |
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| Animal cells synthesize and secrete materials in an elaborate network that remains outside the plasma membrane called the |
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| is mostly composed of glycoproteins (proteins bonded to a sugar molecule |
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| is the most abundant glycoprotein and forms strong fibers outside the cell. |
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| functions to hold cells together in tissues, protects and supports the plasma membrane, and regulates a cell’s behavior |
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| prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of cells |
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| act like rivets and fasten cells together into strong sheets. They are found in tissues that undergo a lot of stretching such as skin and heart muscle |
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| are channels that allow molecules and electric charges to flow between cells. Helps to coordinate contraction of heart muscle |
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| Adjacent cells communicate, interact, and adhere through specialized |
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| A plant cell, but not an animal cell, has a rigid |
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| protects plant cells and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright against gravity |
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| is primarily composed of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins – resembles fiberglass or rebar in concrete |
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| plasmodesmata that serve in communication between cells. |
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| Plant cells have cell junctions called |
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| are circulatory and communication channels between plant cells – water, chemical messages, and nourishment flow through these. |
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