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| fibula, smaller outer bone of lower leg |
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| phalanges, bones of fingers and toes |
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| tibia, inner bone of lower leg |
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| procedure to visually examine |
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| a large ball-shaped end on a long bone |
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| narrow area that separates the head from the body or shaft of the bone |
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| refers to a smooth rounded portion at the end of a bone |
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| a projection located above or on a condyle |
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| the large rough process on the femur for the attachment of a muscle |
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| a rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles |
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| a rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles |
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| a hollow cavity within a bone |
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| a smooth round opening for nerves and blood vessels |
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| consists of a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone |
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| puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint |
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| surgically breaking a joint |
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| visual examination of inside a joint |
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| surgical repair of cartilage |
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| pertaining to the inside of the skull |
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| to surgically break a bone |
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| inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
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| abnormal condition of porous bones |
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| pertaining to between vertebrae |
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| the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing |
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| the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis |
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| abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine; also known as hunchback or humpback |
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| abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback |
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| branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system |
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| physician who specializes in treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system |
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| a brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities |
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| specialist in treating disorders of the feet |
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| artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part that is either congenitally missing or is absent as a result of accident or disease (for instance, an artificial leg or hip) |
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| person who fabricates and fits prostheses |
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| inflammatory spinal condition that resembles rheumatoid arthritis; results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae; more common in men than women |
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| inflammation of the bursa of the great toe |
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) |
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| pain caused by compression of the nerve as it passes between the bones and ligaments of the wrist |
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| a fracture in which there is no open skin wound; also called a simple fracture |
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| a common type of wrist fracture |
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| fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments |
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| fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture; also called an open fracture |
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| occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment |
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| malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum; removal is treatment of choice, because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs |
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| inflammation of the joints caused by excessive uric acid |
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| fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent; this type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structue |
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| herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
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| herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called herniated disk; may require surgery |
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| fracture in which bone fractures are pushed into each other |
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| malignant tumor originating in the bone marrow |
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| fracture at an angle to the bone |
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| fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture; also called a compound fracture |
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| arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight; results in bone rubbing against bone |
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| the most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at the ends of long bones |
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| softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of calcium; it is thought that in children the cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D |
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| decrease in bone mass that results in a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures; the bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis |
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| a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes; it usually attacks middle-aged and elderly people and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity |
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| fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone |
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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| chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in the cartilage tht can result in crippling deformities |
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| deficiency of calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs |
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| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
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| a fracture in which there is no open skin wound; also called a closed fracture |
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| a congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord |
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| narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves |
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| fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone; can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures |
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| the forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it |
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| a degenerative condition of the vertebral column |
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| damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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| chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue that causes injury to the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and nervous system; a characteristic butterfly rash or erythema may be present |
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| congenital deformity of the foot; also referred to as a clubfoot |
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| complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone |
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| injury to the bones in the cervical spine as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck; can occur as a result of a rear-end auto collision |
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| visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space |
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| examination of the interior of a joint by entering the joint with an arthroscope; torn ligaments can be repaired while the patient is undergoing arthroscopy; the arthroscope contains a small television camera that allows the physician to view the interior of the joint on a monitor during the procedure |
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| patient is given a radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bone; it is especially useful in observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis and cancer metastases to the bone |
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| study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| measurement of bone density using an instrument for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis |
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| partial or complete removal of a limb for a variety of reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infection |
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| use of an arthroscope to facilitate performing surgery on a joint |
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| piece of bone taken from the patient that is used to take the place of a removed bone or a bony defect at another site |
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| removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe |
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| surgical cutting of the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which can result from repetitive motion such as typing |
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| application of a solid material to immobilize an extremity or portion of the body as a result of a fracture, dislocation, or severe injury; it is most often made of plaster of Paris |
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| removal of a herniated intervertebral disk |
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| removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of a spinal nerve |
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| correcting a fracture by realigning the bone fragments; closed reduction is doing this manipulation without entering the body; open reduction is the process of making a surgical incision at the site of the fracture to do the reduction; this is commonly necessary when bony fragments need to be removed |
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| surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; this may be done for several reasons, including correction for a herniated disk |
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| total hip replacement (THR) |
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| surgical reconstruction of a hip by implanting a prosthetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hip arthroplasty (THA) |
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| total knee replacement (TKR) |
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| surgical reconstruction of a knee joint by implanting a prosthetic knee joint; also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA) |
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| bone reabsorption inhibitors |
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| conditions that result in weak and fragile bones, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, are improved by medications that reduce the reabsorption of bones |
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| calcium supplements and Vitamin D therapy |
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| maintaining high blood levels of calcium in association with vitamin D helps maintain bone density and treats osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets |
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| a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties; it is particularly useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
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| a large group of drugs including aspirin and ibuprofen that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis |
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| first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc. |
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| congenital dislocation of the hip |
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| degenerative joint disease |
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| herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
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| first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc. |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
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| open reduction-internal fixation |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus |
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| first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc. |
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| movement away form the midline of the body |
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| movement toward midline of the body |
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| act of bending or being bent |
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| movement that brings limb into or toward a straight condition |
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| backward bending, as of hand or foot |
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| bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward |
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| to turn downward or backward as with the hand or foot |
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| turning the palm or foot upward |
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| to raise a body part, as in shrugging the shoulders |
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| a downward movement, as in dropping the shoulders |
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| movement in a circular direction from a central point |
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| moving thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into contact with the other fingers |
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| moving around a central axis |
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| fibrous smooth muscle tumor |
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| record of muscle electricity |
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| surgical repair of muscle |
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| inflammation of many muscles |
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| skeletal muscle destruction |
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| disease of tendons and muscle |
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| surgical repair of tendon |
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| difficult or painful movement |
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| difficult (poor) development |
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| scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle |
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| an abnormal shortening of a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle |
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| a sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction |
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| severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side; commonly called wryneck or a crick in the neck |
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| a condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue |
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| cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle |
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| inflammation of the muscle attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow; often caused by strongly gripping; commonly called tennis elbow |
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| inherited disease causing a progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy |
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| pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy |
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| one type of inherited dystrophy in which the muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fatty tissue, making the muscle look strong; also called Duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
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| damage to the muscle and soft tissue due to overuse of overstretching |
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| creatine phosphokinase (CPK) |
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| a muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle; blood levels become elevated in disorders such as hear attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies |
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| muscle contraction in response to a stretch caused by striking the muscle tendon with a reflex hammer; test used to determine if muscles are responding properly |
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| study and record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation |
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| removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination |
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| medication to relax skeletal muscles in order to reduce muscle spasms; also called antispasmodics |
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