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| the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing |
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| application of a solid material to immobalize an extremity or portion of the body as a result of a fracture, dislocation, or severe injury. it may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass |
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| healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of malalignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health. (chiropractor) |
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| the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis (crepitus) |
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| abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. also known as hunchback or humpback |
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| abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. also known as swayback |
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| branch of medicine soecializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system. (orthopedic surgery) physician is orthopedist. name derived from straightening deformities in children |
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| a brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities. (orthotis) |
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| healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs. (podiatrist) |
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| artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part that is either congenitally missing or absent as a result of an accident or disease |
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| healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts (prosthetist) |
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| fracture in which there is no open skin wound (simple fracture) |
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| a common type of wrist fracture |
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| fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered or crushed into many small pieces or fragments |
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| fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture. (open fracture) |
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| fracture involving loss of height or a vertebral body. it may be the result of trauma, but it older persons, especially women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis |
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| fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of bone is broken and the other side is bent. commonly found in children due to their softer & pliable bones |
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| fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other |
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| fracture at an angle to the bone |
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| fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone |
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| fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone. can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal |
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| a slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact |
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| complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone |
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| malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum. removal is treatment of choice, bc this tumor will matastasize or spread to other organs |
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| the most common type of bone cancer. usually begins in osteocytes found at the long end of bones |
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| softening of the bones caused by deficiency of calcium. it is thought that in children the cause is insufficient sunlight & Vitamin D |
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| decrease in bone mass that results in a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. the bone becomes more porous, especially in spine and pelvis |
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| a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. it usually attacks middle-aged and elderly people and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity. named for Sir James Paget, British surgeon |
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| deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformaties, bowed legs |
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| inflammatory spinal condition that resembles rheumatoid arthritis. results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. more common in men |
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| herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk; herniated disk or ruptured disk |
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| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
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| congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord |
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| narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves |
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| the forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it |
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| specifically refers to ankylosing of the spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of the vertebral column |
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| injury to the bones in the cervical spine as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck. can occur as a result of a rear-end auto collision |
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| inflammation of the bursa of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the big toe) |
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| occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment and the ends of the bones are no longer in contact |
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| arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight. results in bone rubbing against bone |
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| chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in the cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; considered to be an autoimmune disease |
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| damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint or fracture to the bone |
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| an incomplete dislocation, the joint alignment is disrupted, but the ends of the bones remain in contact |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus |
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| chronis inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affects many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis. may be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis |
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| congenital deformity causing misalignment of the ankle joint and foot. (club foot) |
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| visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space |
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| a nuclear medicine procedure in which the patient is given a radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bones. it is especially useful in identifying stress fractions, observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis and locating cancer metastases to the bone |
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| dual-energy absorptiometry |
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| measurement of bone density using low dose of x-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis |
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| study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus pinching a spinal nerve |
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| a diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to study the internal structure of the body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints |
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| examination of the interior of a joint by entering the joint with an arthroscope. the arthroscope contains a small television camera that allows the physician to view the interior of the joint on a monitor during the procedure. some joint conditions can be repaired during arthrosopy |
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| partial or complete removal of a limb for a variety of reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infection |
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| performing a surgical procedure while using an arthroscope to view the internal structure, such as a joint |
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| piece of bone taken from the patient used to take the place of a removed bone or bony defect at another site |
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| removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe |
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| removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of a spinal nerve |
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| a thin catheter tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk through the skin and the herniated or ruptured disk material is sucked out or a laser is used to vaporize it |
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| surgical immobilization of an adjacent vertebrae. this may be done for several reasons, including correction for a herniated disk. |
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| total hip arthroplasty (THA) |
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| surgical reconstruction of a hip by implanting a prosthetic or artificial hip joint. also called total hip replacement (THR) |
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| total knee arthroplasty (TKA) |
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| surgical reconstruction of a knee joint by implanting a prosthetic knee joint. also called total knee replacement (TKR) |
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| a procedure to stabilize a fracture bone while it heals. external fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through the skin. internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires that are applied during an open reduction |
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| correcting a fracture by realigning the bone fragments. closed reduction is doing this manipulation without entering the body. open reduction is the process of making a surgical incision at the site of the fracture to do the reduction. this is necessary when bony fragments need to be removed or internal fixation such as plates or pins are required. |
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| applying a force on a fractured or dislocated limb or vertebral column in order to restore alignment |
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| first cervical vertebra, second vertebra, etc. |
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| degenerative joint disease |
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| dual- energy absorptiometry |
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| herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
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| first lumbar virtebra, second, etc. |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
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| open reduction-internal fixation |
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| systemic lupus erhtematosus |
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| first thoracic vertebra, second, etc. |
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| movement away from midline of the body |
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| movement toward midline of the body |
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| act of bending or being bent |
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| movement hat brings limb into or toward a straight condition |
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| backward bending, as of hand or foot |
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| bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward |
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| to turn downward or backward as with the hand or foot |
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| turning the palm or foot upward |
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| to raise a body part, as in shrugging the shoulders |
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| a downward movement, as in dropping the shoulders |
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| movement in a circular direction from a central point. imagine drawing a large circle in the air |
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| moving the thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into contact with other fingers |
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| moving around a central axis |
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| scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle |
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| poor muscle development as a result of muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly referred to as muscle wasting |
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| abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to stretch the muscle |
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| increase in muscle bulk as a result of using it, as in lifting weights |
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| intermittent claudication |
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| attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles, typically the calf muscles; brought on by walking even very short distances |
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| sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction |
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| severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side. commonly called wryneck or a crick in the neck |
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| condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue |
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| inflammation of the muscle attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow. often caused by strongly gripping. commonly called tennis elbow |
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| inherited disease causing a progression muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy |
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| pseudohypertrophic muscular distrophy |
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| one type of inherited dystrophy in which the muscle tissue i s gradually replaced by fatty tissue, making the muscle look strong. also called Duchenn's muscular distrophy |
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) |
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| repetitive motion disorder with pain caused by compression of the finger flexor tendons and median nerve as they pass through the carpal tunnel of the wrist |
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| cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle |
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| repetitive motion disorder |
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| group of chronic disorders involving the tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage, resulting from the tissue being subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements for prolonged periods. |
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| the rotator cuff consists of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint reinforced by the tendons from several shoulder muscles. the high degree of flexibility at the shoulder joint puts the rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing |
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| damage to the muscle, tendon, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching |
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| creatine phosphokinase (CPK) |
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| muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. blood levels become elevated in disorders such as heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies |
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| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) |
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| muscle contraction in response to a stretch caused by striking the muscle tendon with a reflex hammer. test used to determine is the muscles are responding properly |
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| study and record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation |
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| removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination |
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| surgical cutting of the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which can result from repetitive motion such as typing |
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| skeletal muscle relaxants |
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| medication to relax skeletal muscles in order to reduce muscle spasms (antispasmodics) |
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