Term
| Who discovered cells and in what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who conducted early studies on cells? |
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Definition
Schleiden (1838)
Schwann (1839) |
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Term
| Who proposed the cell theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.) All organisms are composed of cells
2.) Cells are the smallest living things
3.) Cells arise onl from pre-existing cells |
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Term
| All cells today are _______ ________ of _________ from ________ ___________ _________. |
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Definition
| a continuous line/ descent / pre-existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliance on diffusion of substances into and out of cells. Less of a distance to move things. |
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Term
| What is the rate of dffusion effected by? |
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Definition
1.) Surface area available
2.) Temperature
3.) Conc. gradient
4.) Distance |
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Term
| Why do bigger cells have a hard time diffusing? |
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Definition
| Because the distance is greater than in a small cell. |
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Term
| Which has an advantage in diffusion: an organism made of many, small cells OR an organism composed of fewer, larger cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| As a cell's size increases, its volume what? |
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Definition
| Increases much more rapidly than its surface area. |
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Term
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Definition
| mimimum distance 2 points can be apart and still be distinguished as 2 different parts |
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Term
| What is the distance needed for the naked eye to resolve 2 objects? |
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Definition
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Term
| How great can light microscopes resolve structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| How great can electron microscopes resolve structures? |
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Definition
| 0.2 nm apart. 2 types: scanning and transmission |
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Term
| What are the 4 structures all cells have in common? |
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Definition
1.) DNA
2.) Cytoplasm
3.) Plasma membrane
4.) Ribosomes |
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Term
| What do all prokaryotic cells possess? |
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Definition
1.) cytoplasm
2.) plasma membrane
3.) cell wall (most)
4.) no membrane-bound organelles
5.) DNA in the nuceloid
6.) ribosomes |
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Term
| What is a bacterial cell wall made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fxn of a bacterial cell wall? |
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Definition
1.) protect the cell
2.) maintain its shape
3.) prevent excessive uptake or loss of water |
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Term
| What effects the succeptibility of antiobiotics on bacteria? |
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Definition
| The structure of their cell wall |
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Term
| Which type of bacteria lacks peptidoglycan? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are flagella used for? |
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Definition
| Locomotion and rotary motion |
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Term
| What do most eukaryotic cells possess? |
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Definition
1.) membrane bound nucleus
2.) organelles
3.) cytoskeleton |
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Term
| Are eukaryotic cells more or less complex than prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do eukaryotic cells compartmentalize cellular fan? |
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Definition
| organelles that are coordinated via the endomembrane system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The repository of the genetic information in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Region where the ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place |
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Term
| What is the nuclear envelope made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls passage in and out of the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is DNA divided into in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Multiple linear chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fxn of the ribosomes? |
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Definition
| The site of protein synthesis in the cell |
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Term
| Are ribosomes found in all types of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomal RNA and proteins |
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Term
| Where are ribosomes found? |
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Definition
| Free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes |
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Term
| What is the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| Series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What is the fundamental difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
1.) endoplastic reticulum
2.) golgi aparatus
3.) lysosomes |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of endoplastic reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the rough ER appear rough? |
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Definition
| Attachemtn of ribosomes to its membrane makes it appear that way. |
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Term
| What happens in the rough ER? |
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Definition
| Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What is the function of the smooth ER? |
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Definition
| Synthesis, store Ca2+, detoxification |
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Term
| What does the ratio of RER to SER depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the golgi aparatus? |
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Definition
| Flattened stacks of interconected membranes. |
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Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| Packing and distribution of material to different parts of the cell or export out of cell |
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Term
| Does the golgi apparatus also synthesize cell wall components? |
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Definition
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Term
| What helps the golgi apparatus in transportation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bounded digestive vesicles |
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Term
| What do lysosomes arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a lysosome digestive? |
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Definition
| Enzymes breakdown macromolecules |
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Term
| Which cells does a lysosome break down? |
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Definition
| Cells or foreign matter that the cell itself has already phagocytized |
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Term
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Definition
| Variety of enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles. |
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Term
| What is an example of a microbody? |
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Definition
| Peroxisomes. Contain enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. H2O2 is realeased as a biproduct and catalase makes it harmless. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound structure with various functions depending on the cell type. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main vacuoles? |
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Definition
1.) Central - Plants. Antonoblast.
2.) Contractile - regulates cell size
3.) Storage - animal cells |
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Term
| What do plants use large vacuoles to hold? |
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Definition
| H2O. When plants are depleted of water, they wilt. |
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Term
| Are mitochondria found in all types of eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many membranes does a mitochondria have? |
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Definition
4.
1.)Outer
2.)Intermembrane space
3.)Inner membrane cristae
4.) Matrix |
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Term
| What carries out oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| On the surface of the inner membrane and embedded in it, proteins. |
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Term
| Do mitochondria have their own DNA/ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are chloroplasts only in plant cells? |
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Definition
| No, in some animal cells too. |
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Term
| What do chloroplasts contain? Why? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll. Photosynthesis. |
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Term
| How many membranes surround a chloroplast? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Membraneous sacs within the inner membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Do cholorplasts have their own DNA/ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does endosymbiosis propose? |
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Definition
| Some of today's eukaryotic organelles evolved by symbiosis arising between two cells that were each free-living. |
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Term
| What is the process of endosymbiosis? |
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Definition
| A prokaryotic cell was engulfed, came apart of another cell, and is the precursor for modern eukaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
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Term
| What is the supporting evidence of the endosymbiotic theory? |
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Definition
- both have 2 membranes
- possess DNA and ribosomes
- about the size of a prokaryotic cell
- divide by a process similar to bacteria |
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells. |
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Term
| What are the fxns of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1.) support
2.) keeps organelles in fixed locations
3.) helps move materials within the cell |
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Term
| What is the dynamic system? |
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Definition
| Constantly assembling and disassembling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Help organize microtubules in animal cells. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers? |
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Definition
1.) microfilaments
2.) microtubules
3.) intermediate filaments |
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Term
| What is a microfilament also called? SM |
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Definition
| Actin filament. Two protein chains losely twined together. Move by contracting, crawling, and pinching. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest of all cytoskeletal elements. Made of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. Facilitates movement within the cell. |
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Term
| What is an intermediate filament? M |
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Definition
| INtermediate size. Very stable, usually not broken down. |
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Term
| What is all cell motion tied to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does movement via cytoskeleton work? |
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Definition
| The vesicles move along the cytoskeleton, some using actin and myosin together to crawl. |
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Term
| What is the general arrangement of flagella/cilia? |
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Definition
| 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. |
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Term
| What is the difference in flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes are attached to the cytoskeleton, not the membrane. |
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Term
| What are the cell walls of animal cells made of? |
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Definition
| NOTHING they do not have them! |
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Term
| What are the cell walls of plant/protists made of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the cell walls of fungi made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix made of? |
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Definition
| Glygoproteins secreted by animal cells into the space around them. |
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Term
| Is collagen found in extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ECM? |
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Definition
| Forms a protective layer over the cell's surface |
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|
Term
| What links the cytoskeleton the the ECM? |
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Definition
| INtergrins (proteins) that influence cell behavior |
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Term
| What gives cell's identity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Most tissue-specific cell surface markers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major histocompatibility proteins that help with recognition of self and nonself in an immune reaction. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cell connections? |
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Definition
1.) tight
2.) anchoring
3.) communicating |
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|
Term
| What is a tight junction? |
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Definition
| Connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet. NO LEAKAGE. |
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|
Term
| What is an anchoring junction? |
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Definition
| Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells. Desmosomes. |
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Term
| What is a communicating junction? |
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Definition
| Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to an adjacent one. GAP JXN. |
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