Term
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Definition
•A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
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Term
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Definition
•First demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
•Neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that triggers an automatic reflexive response
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Term
| Conditioned Responses Over Time |
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Definition
•Extinction: loss of a conditioned response over time
–Can be quickly relearned through reconditioning
•Spontaneous recovery: temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
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Term
| Factors Influencing the Learning of Conditioned Responses |
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Definition
•Timing
•Predictability
•Intensity
•Attention
•Biopreparedness
–Conditioned taste aversions
•Higher order conditioning
–Early warning system
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Term
| Some Applications of Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
•Overcoming fears
–Role in the development of phobias
–Systematic desensitization
•Drug addiction
–Habituation and opponent-process theory
–Drug tolerance
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Term
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Definition
•Studied the consequences of behavior and animal intelligence
–Puzzle boxes
•Learning is governed by the “law of effect”
–Instrumental conditioning
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Term
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Definition
•Extended and formalized many of Thorndike’s ideas
•Organisms learn responses by operating on the environment
–Operant conditioning: responses are learned on basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences
–Skinner box
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Term
| Basic Components of Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
•Operant (operant response)
•Positive vs. negative reinforcers
•Escape vs. avoidance conditioning
•Discriminative conditioned stimuli; stimulus control
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Term
Forming and Strengthening
Operant Behavior |
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Definition
•Shaping
•Primary vs. secondary reinforcers
•Timing of reinforcement
•Size of reinforcement
•Reinforcement schedules
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Term
Forming and Strengthening
Operant Behavior (cont’d.) |
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Definition
•Schedules and extinction
–Partial reinforcement effect
–Accidental reinforcement
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Term
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Definition
•May exert particular effects on the brain
–Stimulation of brain’s “pleasure centers”
–Dopamine
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Term
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Definition
•Reduces the frequency of an operant behavior
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Negative reinforcement vs. punishment
–Negative reinforcement always strengthens behavior
–Punishment always weakens behavior
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Term
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Definition
–Does not “erase” an undesirable behavior
•Can produce unwanted side effects
–Often ineffective unless:
•Given immediately after the undesirable behavior
•Given each time the behavior occurs
–Can be aggressive or abusive
•May lead the children themselves to behave aggressively (imitation)
–Informs of wrongdoing but does not provide alternatives
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Term
| Guidelines for Effective Punishment |
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Definition
•Specify why punishment is being given
•Emphasize that the behavior, not the person, is being punished
•Punishment should be immediate and noticeable, without being abusive
–Problem with escalation effect
•Identify and positively reinforce more appropriate responses
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Term
| Some Applications of Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
•Helping children to learn what is and is not appropriate behavior
•Developing treatment programs for altering problematic behavior
–Stimulus control therapy
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Term
| Cognitive Processes in Learning |
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Definition
•Learning can involve complex mental processes
–Forming mental representations
–Having expectations
–Making generalizations
•Learned helplessness: tendency to give up on efforts to control the environment
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