Term
| Differences between Freud and Adler |
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Definition
-Freud viewed individuals in a constant conflict, whereas adler thought they sought companionship and harmony
-Freud ignored questions about life's meaning and aspirations, while Adler thought they were important
-Freud viewed the mind as consisting of many parts that are in conflict + Adler thought of it as being an integrated whole that aimed to meet goals
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Term
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Definition
-each person is an integrated whole striving to meet goals and find harmony with others
-ADLER |
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Term
| Adler: What type of psychology |
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Definition
Existentialism: meaning of human existence
Humanism: positive relationships between humans |
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Term
| when/where was adler born? |
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Definition
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Term
| how did adler view his childhood? |
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Definition
miserable
-hated his appearance: ugly + small
-7 siblings. lots of rivalry
-very sick, unable to walk until 4 years old (rickets)
-age 5: caught pneumonia + almost died |
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Term
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Definition
-University of Vienna in 1895 (Freud's alma mater)
-specialized in diseases of the eye + moved onto psychiatry |
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Term
| Adler's marriage to Raissa |
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Definition
-russian girl who came to vienna to study
-militant socialist, domineering
-possibly pushed adler to write a book about terrible working conditions of independent tailors and the need for socialized medicine |
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Definition
-4 kids
-2 of his kids became psychiatrists
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Term
| Adler and the Vienna psychoanalytic society |
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Definition
-invited by freud
-became president of society in 1910
-after being in it for 9 years, he realized that he wasnt a psychoanalyst and left the society + never spoke to freud again
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Term
| Adler: Society of Free Psychoanalytic Research |
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Definition
-changed their name to Society for Individual Psychology
-created for people against freud's psychoanalysis |
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Term
| Adler: Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation |
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Definition
-people are vulnerable to disease in organs that are less developed or "inferior" to other organs
-a person can compensate for weakness either by concentrating on its development or by emphasizing other functions that make up weakness
ex: blind person works on developing auditory skills
A person can OVERCOMPENSATE: converting weaknesses into strengths. ex: roosevelt was a frail child + Grew up to be a hardy outdoorsman |
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Term
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Definition
-making up for a weakness (ex: organ inferiority) by focusing on other skills that can replace what has been lost
ex: blind person tries to work on hearing |
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Term
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Definition
-converting biological weakness to strength
ex: Roosevelt was a frail child and grew up to be a hardy outdoorsman |
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Term
| Adler: What theory did he develop after Organ Inferiority? |
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Definition
"Feelings of inferiority"
-all individuals start out with a feeling of inferiority, because we depend on our parents when young.
-causes people to seek power and overcome feelings of inferiority |
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Term
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Definition
-Every person has feelings of weakness (femininity) and an impulse to become strong (masculinity), so everyone is bisexual
-Adler thought bisexuality was psychological, whereas Freud thought it to be biological |
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Term
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Definition
because every human being is bisexual...
-To become more powerful mean to become more masculine + less feminine
-Striving to become more masculine: Masculine protest |
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Term
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Definition
-a person can become overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority, rather than using it as a stimulus for personal growth
-feelings of inferiority act as a barrier |
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Term
| Adler: What is the fundamental fact of life? |
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Definition
-striving for superiority
-striving for individual growth + superior society |
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Term
| Adler: Superiority complex |
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Definition
| -if a person concentrates exclusively on his or her own superiority and ignores the needs of other |
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Term
| Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If" |
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Definition
-we experience physical world through our sensations
-in order to make sense of sensations we invent terms, concepts, and theories
-innate tendency to assign meaning to sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| fictional future goal to which a person aspires |
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Term
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Definition
-innate human need
-aim for a perfect society of harmony |
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Term
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Definition
-any lifestyle that is not aimed at socially useful goals
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Term
| 4 degrees of social interest |
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Definition
1. Ruling-Dominant Type: people that attempt to dominate or rule others
2. the "getting-leaning" type: expects everything from others and gets everything he or she can from them
3. "avoiding type" who succeeds in life by avoiding problems
4. "socially useful type" who confronts problems and attempts to solve them in a socially useful way |
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Term
| Adler: Ruling-dominant type |
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Definition
| attempt to dominate or rule other people |
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Term
| Adler: "Getting-leaning type" |
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Definition
| expects everything from others and gets everything he or she can from them |
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Term
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Definition
| -succeeds in life by avoiding problems |
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Term
| Adler: Socially Useful Type |
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Definition
| -confronts problems and attempts to solve them in a socially useful way |
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Term
| List the faulty lifestyles |
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Definition
1. ruling-dominant type
2. getting-leaning type
3. avoiding type
4. socially useful type |
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Term
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Definition
-can stimulate compensation or overcompensation
-can result in growth or inferiority complex |
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Term
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Definition
makes a child believe that it is up to others to satisfy their every need
enter of attention and grows up to be selfish with little social interets |
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Term
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Definition
| causes child to feel worthless and angry and to look on everyone with distrust |
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Term
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Definition
1. Physical inferiority
2. spoiling and pampering
3. neglecting |
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Term
| what did adler consider to be the most serious of parental errors? |
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Definition
pampering
-PAmpering creates the oedipus complex: mother that spoils it, father that is cold and distant, refuse to spread childs interests to others
may feel that it is unfair that others exist |
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Term
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Definition
-crowing achievement as personality theorist
-free will to act on environmental influences
-no 2 people are the same
-personality is self-created
-people assign meaning to their own lives according to their perceptions of the world, themselves, and others
EXISTENTIAL |
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Term
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Definition
-protect self-esteem and false sense of superiority
-used by neurotics, because they have low self esteem and a false sense of superiority due to their lack of social interest |
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Term
| List safeguarding strategies |
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Definition
1. excuses
2. aggression
3. distancing |
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Term
| Safeguarding strategies: Excuses |
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Definition
-develops symptoms and uses them as excuses for shortcomings
"yes, but..." "if only"
-deceive people that believing that they are more worthy than they are
-Freud reffered to these as "pleasurable secondary gains" |
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Term
| 3 forms of neurotic (safeguarding technique) aggression |
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Definition
1. depreciation: tendency to overvalue one's own accomplishments and to undervalue others
3. accusation: tendency to blame others for his/her shortcomings
4. self-accusation: self-harm to try to get attention from others. hurting people with confessions |
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Term
| Safeguarding technique: Distancing |
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Definition
Moving backward: reverting to an easier, safer time in life
standing still: not moving closer to reality, not making decisions (onset by masturbation, insomnia, weak memory, impotency)
hesitating: waiting a long time to solve problems so that it is "too late"
constructing obstacles: creates distance that might be successfully overcome (anxiety, constipation, etc)
experiencing anxiety
exclusion tendency |
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Term
| How does alder trace the development and manifestation of mistaken lifestyle |
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Definition
-analysis of birth order
-first memories
-dreams
-mannerisms |
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Term
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Definition
-avoided criticism, blame, punishment, and authoritarian atmosphere...did not want patients to feel inferior
-patients were not allowed to use their neurosis to gain sympathy from therapist |
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Term
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Definition
`-did not believe that we had repressed traumatic events
-we make out of life what we want |
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Term
| Adler: 3 entrance gates to mental life |
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Definition
-birth order
-first memories
-dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| -each child is treated differently by parents depending on birth order |
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Term
| Birth order - First-born child |
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Definition
-focus of attention until the next child is born.
if the first born is old enough, then he/she will cooperate with new child. if not, then will compete |
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Term
| Birth order - second-born child |
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Definition
| -needs to be continuously ambitious to try to catch up to or surpass the older child |
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Term
| Birth order - youngest child |
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Definition
| -most likely to seek a unique identity with family |
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Term
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Definition
-develops an exaggerated sense of superiority
-senses that the world is a dangerous place
-expect others to pamper and protect them |
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Term
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Definition
| -dreams offer emotional support for a mistaken lifestyle |
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Term
| differences between adler and freud found on PAGE 115 |
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Definition
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Term
| Zajonc & Marcus (1975) pg 115 |
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Definition
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Term
| Ernst and Angst (1983) PAGE 116 |
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Definition
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Term
| fraternal birth order effect |
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Definition
-the more older brothers that a boy has,the more likely he is to grow up homosexual
-might be due to boy's increase in openness and experimentation |
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Term
| Criticisms of Adler - page 119 |
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Definition
-Difficult to falsify
-overly simplistic |
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Term
| contributions of adler - page 119 |
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Definition
-importance of social variables: interactions with other people shape how view world
-widely influential: |
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