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| collection of organs & cells that secrete chemical signals into the bloodstream |
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| a chemical signal that circulates through body fluids & affects distant target cells |
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| act on the same cell that secretes them |
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| diffuse locally & act on nearby cells |
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| hormones carries between cells by blood or other body fluids |
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| diffuse a short distance between neurons |
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| neuroendocrine signals (neurohormones) |
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| hormones released from neurons |
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| the best-studied autocrine signals; cell-movers |
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| discrete organs that are organized from cells that produce endocrine signals |
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| organs that secrete a hormone into the bloodstream |
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| deliver their secretions through outlets called ducts into a space other than the circulatory system |
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| 3 major classes of chemicals that can act as hormones in animals |
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1. polypeptides: chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
2. amino acid derivatives
3. steroids: a family of lipids distinguished by a four-ring structure |
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| from the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates growth factors |
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| thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3) |
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| increase metabolic rate & heart rate; promote growth |
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| the quantity of hormone in a blood sample can be estimated by adding radioactively labeled hormones that compete with the unknown amount of hormone to bind to an antibody |
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| 3 areas of the cell in which hormones coordinate the activities |
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Definition
1. development, growth, & reproductive
2. response to environmental challenges
3. maintenance of homeostasis |
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| how does metamorphosis work? (juvenile hormone (JH) & ecdysone) |
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Definition
if JH is present at high concentration in the larva: surges of ecdysone induce the growth of a juvenile insect via molting
if JH levels are low: ecdysone triggers a complete remodeling of the body (metamorphosis) & the transition to adulthood & sexual maturity |
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| 2 hormones produced in the early testes of human males |
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1. testosterone: a steroid hormone that induces early development of the male reproductive tract
2. Mullerian inhibitory substance: polypeptide hormone that inhibits development of the female reproductive tract |
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| steroid hormone produced by the ovaries in females which is in the family of molecules called estrogens & that is required for further development of the female reproductive tract |
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| hormone which relays photoperiodic information to the hypothalamus & also regulates sleep-wake cycle |
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| chemicals that interfere with normal hormonal signaling |
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| foreign chemicals that bind to estrogen receptors & induce estrogen-like effects (bad for males) |
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| 3 main processes that maintain glucose production that are manages by cortisol |
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Definition
1. induces the synthesis of liver enzymes that make glucose from amino acids & other chemical precursors
2. makes adipose tissue - fat tissue - & resting muscles resistant to insulin (reserves glucose)
3. promotes the release of fatty acids - the body's major fuel molecules - from adipose tissue, for use by the heart & muscles |
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| another name for cortisol |
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| 3 components on which homeostatic systems depend |
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1. a sensory receptor that monitors conditions relative to a normal value (set point)
2. an integrator that processes information from the sensor
3. effector cells that return conditions to the set point |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| increases the permeability of the kidney's collecting ducts to water, causing water to be reabsorbed from urine & saved |
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| increases reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal tubules of the kidney |
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| stimulates the production of red blood cells |
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| unrelenting stress response that depletes the body's protein reserves |
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| helps induce labor & milk release in female mammals |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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| involved in stimulating the gonads to produce sex hormones & gametes |
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| stimulates the mammary gland growth & milk production in mammals |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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| triggers the production of thyroid hormones |
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| hormone-response elements |
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| specific sites in DNA to which steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind |
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| enzyme thatcatalyzes a reaction that cleaves glucose molecules off glycogen |
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| molecule that activates phorphorylase |
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| a nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration inside a cell in response to a receive signal (a molecule that binds at the surface) |
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| 7 steps of epinephrine action |
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Definition
1. epinephrine binds to receptor
2. G protein activated
3. adenylyl cyclase activated; catalyzes formation of cAMP
4. activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A
5. activation of phosphorylase kinase
6. activation of phosphorylase
7. production of glucose from glycogen |
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