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Chapter 49
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
42
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2013

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Term
endocrine system
Definition
collection of organs & cells that secrete chemical signals into the bloodstream
Term
hormone
Definition
a chemical signal that circulates through body fluids & affects distant target cells
Term
autocrine signals
Definition
act on the same cell that secretes them
Term
paracrine signals
Definition
diffuse locally & act on nearby cells
Term
endocrine signals
Definition
hormones carries between cells by blood or other body fluids
Term
neural signals
Definition
diffuse a short distance between neurons
Term
neuroendocrine signals (neurohormones)
Definition
hormones released from neurons
Term
cytokines
Definition
the best-studied autocrine signals; cell-movers
Term
glands
Definition
discrete organs that are organized from cells that produce endocrine signals
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
organs that secrete a hormone into the bloodstream
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
deliver their secretions through outlets called ducts into a space other than the circulatory system
Term
3 major classes of chemicals that can act as hormones in animals
Definition
1. polypeptides: chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
2. amino acid derivatives
3. steroids: a family of lipids distinguished by a four-ring structure
Term
growth hormone (GH)
Definition
from the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates growth factors
Term
thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)
Definition
increase metabolic rate & heart rate; promote growth
Term
radioimmunoassay
Definition
the quantity of hormone in a blood sample can be estimated by adding radioactively labeled hormones that compete with the unknown amount of hormone to bind to an antibody
Term
3 areas of the cell in which hormones coordinate the activities
Definition
1. development, growth, & reproductive
2. response to environmental challenges
3. maintenance of homeostasis
Term
how does metamorphosis work? (juvenile hormone (JH) & ecdysone)
Definition
if JH is present at high concentration in the larva: surges of ecdysone induce the growth of a juvenile insect via molting
if JH levels are low: ecdysone triggers a complete remodeling of the body (metamorphosis) & the transition to adulthood & sexual maturity
Term
gonads
Definition
sex organs
Term
testes
Definition
male gonads
Term
ovaries
Definition
female gonads
Term
2 hormones produced in the early testes of human males
Definition
1. testosterone: a steroid hormone that induces early development of the male reproductive tract
2. Mullerian inhibitory substance: polypeptide hormone that inhibits development of the female reproductive tract
Term
estradiol
Definition
steroid hormone produced by the ovaries in females which is in the family of molecules called estrogens & that is required for further development of the female reproductive tract
Term
photoperiod
Definition
day length
Term
melatonin
Definition
hormone which relays photoperiodic information to the hypothalamus & also regulates sleep-wake cycle
Term
endocrine disrupter
Definition
chemicals that interfere with normal hormonal signaling
Term
xenoestrogens
Definition
foreign chemicals that bind to estrogen receptors & induce estrogen-like effects (bad for males)
Term
3 main processes that maintain glucose production that are manages by cortisol
Definition
1. induces the synthesis of liver enzymes that make glucose from amino acids & other chemical precursors
2. makes adipose tissue - fat tissue - & resting muscles resistant to insulin (reserves glucose)
3. promotes the release of fatty acids - the body's major fuel molecules - from adipose tissue, for use by the heart & muscles
Term
glucocorticoid
Definition
another name for cortisol
Term
3 components on which homeostatic systems depend
Definition
1. a sensory receptor that monitors conditions relative to a normal value (set point)
2. an integrator that processes information from the sensor
3. effector cells that return conditions to the set point
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
increases the permeability of the kidney's collecting ducts to water, causing water to be reabsorbed from urine & saved
Term
aldosterone
Definition
increases reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal tubules of the kidney
Term
erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
stimulates the production of red blood cells
Term
Cushing's disease
Definition
unrelenting stress response that depletes the body's protein reserves
Term
oxytocin
Definition
helps induce labor & milk release in female mammals
Term
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
involved in stimulating the gonads to produce sex hormones & gametes
Term
prolactin
Definition
stimulates the mammary gland growth & milk production in mammals
Term
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
triggers the production of thyroid hormones
Term
hormone-response elements
Definition
specific sites in DNA to which steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind
Term
phosphorylase
Definition
enzyme thatcatalyzes a reaction that cleaves glucose molecules off glycogen
Term
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Definition
molecule that activates phorphorylase
Term
second messenger
Definition
a nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration inside a cell in response to a receive signal (a molecule that binds at the surface)
Term
7 steps of epinephrine action
Definition
1. epinephrine binds to receptor
2. G protein activated
3. adenylyl cyclase activated; catalyzes formation of cAMP
4. activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A
5. activation of phosphorylase kinase
6. activation of phosphorylase
7. production of glucose from glycogen
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