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| A model that biologists use to study development, chosen for the ease with which they can be studied in the laboratory. |
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| Fertilized egg with one diploid cell. It also has a high cytoplasm to low nucleus ratio. |
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| Formation of a zygote (sperm and egg – haploid gametes – meet). |
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| Required for successful fertilization: |
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Definition
1. Sperm must penetrate protective layer around the egg
2. Receptors on egg bind to sperm
3. Egg surface changes to prevent polyspermy |
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| Triggered when sperms meets the egg. |
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| At the tip of the sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg |
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| Change in charge around the plasma membrane. |
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| Secretions in the female reproductive tract that alter sperm motility and structure (up to 6 hours) |
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| Extracellular matrix of egg cell inside the layer of follicle cells |
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| Smaller cells that result when cleavage partitions the cytoplasm from one large cell |
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| A ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel. |
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| Fluid-filled cavity in blastula. |
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| Has more yolk (lighter color) |
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| Has less yolk and is darker. (less nutrients) |
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| A complete division of the egg for species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk (sea urchins, frogs, mammals). |
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| Incomplete division of the egg for species with yolk-rich eggs (reptiles and birds). |
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| The process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations. |
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| The movement of the cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo (creates germ layers). |
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| Rearrangement of the cells of a blastula into a three-layered embryo called the gastrula. |
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| Have extensions that reach and pull up the tube through the center. |
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| Prior to gastrulation, the embryo is composed of: |
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| Created by gastrulation. All the way down this line, cells are folding in and down. |
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| Lots of cells but no blastocoel yet. |
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| Human equivalent of the blastula. |
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| Cluster of cells at one side. |
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| Outer epithelial layer that does not contribute to the embryo. It initiates implantation. |
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| Enclose specialized structures outside of the embryo. |
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| creation of organs; germ layers develop into various rudimentary organs. |
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| Provides structure in primitive animals. In vertebrates, our disks are remnants of our notochord. Forms early in development from the mesoderm. |
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| Becomes central nervous system (brain and spinal cord); forms from the ectoderm folding on itself. Neural folds fold over to meet each other in the middle |
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| Develop along the neural tube from various parts of the embryo (nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones, and so on). |
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| Blocks/hunks of mesoderm lateral to the notochord that form skeletal muscle, cartilage, dermis, etc. |
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| Body cavity (organs are in body cavity). |
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| Molecules and signals in cytoplasm. |
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| Come from neighboring cells. |
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| the term used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes committed to a particular fate. |
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| Refers to the resulting specialization in structure and function. |
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| Diagrams showing organs and other structures that arise from each region of an embryo. |
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