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Chapter 47
Vocabulary required by my teacher for Chapters 47 in the Campbell Biology Book
37
Biology
11th Grade
03/01/2012

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Term
acrosomal reaction
Definition
The discharge of a sperm’s acrosome when the sperm approaches an egg.
Term
acrosome
Definition
A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg.
Term
allantois
Definition
One of four extraembryonic membranes; serves as a repository for the embryo’s nitrogenous waste.
Term
amnion
Definition
The innermost of four extraembryonic membranes; encloses a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo is suspended.
Term
amniote
Definition
Member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo, including mammals and birds and other reptiles.
Term
animal pole
Definition
The portion of the egg where the least yolk is concentrated; opposite of vegetal pole.
Term
archenteron
Definition
The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
Term
blastocoel
Definition
The fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the blastula embryo.
Term
blastocyst
Definition
An embryonic stage in mammals; a hollow ball of cells produced one week after fertilization in humans.
Term
blastoderm
Definition
An embryonic cap of dividing cells resting on a large undivided yolk.
Term
blastomere
Definition
A small cell of an early embryo.
Term
blastopore
Definition
The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes.
Term
blastula
Definition
The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.
Term
cadherins
Definition
An important class of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules.
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
Term
chorion
Definition
The outermost of four extraembryonic membranes; contributes to the formation of the mammalian placenta.
Term
cortical reaction
Definition
Exocytosis of enzymes from cortical granules in the egg cytoplasm during fertilization.
Term
cytoplasmic determinants
Definition
The maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.
Term
extraembryonic membranes
Definition
Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in mammals and birds and other reptiles.
Term
fate map
Definition
Territorial diagram of embryonic development that reveals the future development of individual cells and tissues.
Term
germ layers
Definition
Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.
Term
holoblastic cleavage
Definition
A type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (sea urchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog).
Term
inner cell mass
Definition
A cluster of cells in a mammalian blastocyst that protrudes into one end of the cavity and subsequently develops into the embryo proper and some of the extraembryonic membranes.
Term
meroblastic cleavage
Definition
A type of cleavage in which there is incomplete division of yolk-rich egg, characteristic of avian development.
Term
morphogenesis
Definition
The development of body shape and organization.
Term
morula
Definition
A solid ball of blastomeres formed by early cleavage.
Term
neural crest
Definition
A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm. The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.
Term
organogenesis
Definition
The development of organ rudiments from the three germ layers.
Term
primitive streak
Definition
A groove on the surface of an early avian embryo along the future long axis of the body.
Term
somites
Definition
Paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo.
Term
totipotent
Definition
Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organism.
Term
trophoblast
Definition
The outer epithelium of the blastocyst, which forms the fetal part of the placenta.
Term
vegetal pole
Definition
The portion of the egg where most yolk is concentrated; opposite of animal pole.
Term
yolk
Definition
Nutrients stored in an egg.
Term
yolk sac
Definition
One of four extraembryonic membranes that support embryonic development; the first site of blood cells and circulatory system function.
Term
zona pellucida
Definition
The extracellular matrix of a mammalian egg.
Term
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
Definition
A limb-bud organizer region consisting of a block of mesoderm located where the posterior side of the bud is attached to the body.
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