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Chapter 4-6 Vocab
Exam 2 Vocabulary Questions
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2015

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Term
Addiction
Definition
Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.
Term
Automatic Processes
Definition
States of consciousness that requires little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.  Automatic processes require less conscious effort than controlled processes.
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity.
Term
Biological Rhythms
Definition
Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated/decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior.
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that invovle the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
Term
Depressants
Definition
Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
Term
Opiates
Definition
Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress the central nervous system's activity and eliminate pain.
Term
Psychoactive drugs
Definition
Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Term
Psychological Dependence
Definition
The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.
Term
Stimulants
Definition
Psychoactive drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, that increase the central nervous system's activity.
Term
Stream of Consciousness
Definition
Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.
Term
Tolerance
Definition
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.
Term
Tranquilizers
Definition
Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental acitvity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus pairing.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Discrimination (classical conditioning)
Definition
The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Term
Discrimination (operant conditioning)
Definition
Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Term
Generalization (classical conditioning)
Definition
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Term
Generalization (operant conditioning)
Definition
Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Term
Insight Learning
Definition
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
Term
Latent Learning (implicit learning)
Definition
Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Term
Operant Conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
Definition
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
The presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Term
Schedules of Reinforcement
Definition
Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
Term
Shaping
Definition
Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Term
Elaboration
Definition
The number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.
Term
Encoding
Definition
The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings - that is, how individuals remember life's episodes.
Term
Explicit Memory (declarative memory)
Definition
The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, informaiton that can be verbally communicated.
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
Term
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory)
Definition
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.
Term
Interference Theory
Definition
The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
Term
Long-term Memory
Definition
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of informaiton for a long time.
Term
Motivated Forgetting
Definition
Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable.
Term
Prospective Memory
Definition
REmembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.
Term
Retrospective Memory
Definition
Remembering information from the past.
Term
Schema
Definition
A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.  Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way we encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
Term
Short-term Memory
Definition
Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
A three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.
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