Term
|
Definition
| Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States of consciousness that requires little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. Automatic processes require less conscious effort than controlled processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated/decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that invovle the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress the central nervous system's activity and eliminate pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, that increase the central nervous system's activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental acitvity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus pairing. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Discrimination (classical conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. |
|
|
Term
| Discrimination (operant conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. |
|
|
Term
| Generalization (classical conditioning) |
|
Definition
| The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
| Generalization (operant conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. |
|
|
Term
| Latent Learning (implicit learning) |
|
Definition
| Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Operant Conditioning (instrumental conditioning) |
|
Definition
| A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. |
|
|
Term
| Schedules of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
|
Definition
| An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
|
Definition
| A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings - that is, how individuals remember life's episodes. |
|
|
Term
| Explicit Memory (declarative memory) |
|
Definition
| The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, informaiton that can be verbally communicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events. |
|
|
Term
| Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory) |
|
Definition
| Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of informaiton for a long time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| REmembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remembering information from the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way we encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems. |
|
|
