Term
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Definition
| absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which the drug is applied directly to the mucous membranes, skin, eyes, or ears. The therapeutic effect of the drug involves the local area only. |
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Term
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Definition
| The drug is applied to the skin, but the therapeutic effect is always felt systemically and not at the site of administration. |
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a drug is place in the mouth and swallowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which the drug (in the form of a tablet or film) is placed under the tongue and allowed to disintegrate slowly and dissolve in saliva. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which the drug (usually in a tablet form) is placed between the cheek and the lower teeth and is allowed to disintegrate slowly and dissolve in the saliva. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a liquid drug is sprayed into the nose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration that involves inhaling a drug that is in a gas, liquid, or powder form. The drug is absorbed through the alveoli of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a liquid drug is given through a nasogastric tube that is passed from the nose through the esophagus to the stomach. This route is used to administer drugs to patients who cannot take oral drugs. |
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Term
| gastrostomy or jejunostomy route |
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Definition
| Also used to administer drugs to patients who cannot take oral drugs. These routes use a surgically implanted feeding tube to deliver liquid drugs directly into the stomach or jejunum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a topical drug is placed into the vagina. |
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a drug is placed into the bladder; used to treat the pain and burning of inflammation and infection in the bladder, given through a catheter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route of administration in which a drug is placed into the rectum; reserved for situations in which the patient is vomiting or unconscious and the drug can't be given orally or through injection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretically includes all routes of administration other than the oral route. In actual clinical usage, parenteral administration commonly includes these routes: intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves using a syringe to inject a liquid drug into the dermis, the layer of skin below the epidermis or skin surface; used for allergy skin tests and Mantoux test that screens for tuberculosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves using a syringe to inject liquid drug into the subcutaneous tissue (the fatty layer of tissue just beneath the dermis of the skin but above the muscle layer); example would be a diabetic patient injecting insulin. |
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Term
| intramuscular route (also known as hypodermic injection) |
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Definition
| Involves the injection of a liquid drug into the belly of the muscle (area of greatest mass); the muscles are well supplied with blood vessels, and drugs injected intramuscularly are absorbed more quickly than with subcutaneous administration; examples are Demerol for extreme pain and ampicillin for bacterial infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the injection of a liquid drug into a vein, the therapeutic effect is seen immediately because this route bypasses the step of absorption from the tissues or from the intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
-administer drugs
-correct a decreased volume of body fluids
-correct a decreased level of electrolytes or glucose
-provide nutritional support to patients who are NPO or who are temporarily unable to take in sufficient nutrients or fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| A self-sealing rubber stopper in the IV tubing. It can be used again and again. Liquid drugs are injected through it into an intravenous line or needle is inserted into it to administer a piggyback IV bag. A herapin lock also contains a port. |
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Term
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Definition
| Often used to more accurately control the rate of flow of an IV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition when intravenous fluids are accidentally administered into the subcutaneous tissues instead of into the vein because the needle is not in the vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intravenous drug that is known to be very irritating, causing blisters or tissue death, when it accidentally goes into the subcutaneous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is used for administration of a chemotherapy drug directly into the area of a cancerous tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is used to administer a drug into a joint (example: a corticosteroid drug to decrease pain and inflammation). |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is only used during emergency resuscitation associated with cardiac arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is used continuously to administer intravenous fluids or drugs to critically ill patients or intermittently to administer chemotherapy drugs to patients with cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is used to administer drugs through an endotracheal tube inserted through the mouth and into the trachea; useful if there is no established intravenous access. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a special intravenous access device used to administer a chemotherapy drug to treat cancer. The port is a thin metal or plastic reservoir that is placed in the patient's subcutaneous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| These routes are used to administer drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid that circulates around the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is used to administer drugs or fluids into the abdominal cavity (that is lined with peritoneum). |
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Term
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Definition
| This route is accessible only in newborn infants before the umbilical cord has dried. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how drugs move through the body in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the movement of a drug from the site of administration through tissues and into the blood; 3 steps: disintegrate, dissolve, and absorb |
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Term
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Definition
| After the drug has been absorbed, it is distributed throughout the body via circulatory system; as a drug enters the blood, some of the drug binds to circulating plasma proteins. |
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Term
| plasma proteins (albumin) |
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Definition
| The major protein in the plasma (liquid portion) of the blood. It's a large molecule that exerts osmotic pressure. It binds with drugs and keeps them from being excreted by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure on the cell membrane that bonds to substances in the body (neurotransmitters, hormones, antigens) or to substances introduced in the body (drugs, chemicals). Binding to a substance causes the receptor to be stimulated or to be blocked so that other substances cannot bind to it. |
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Term
| metabolism (biotransformation) |
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Definition
| The third step in the drug cycle. Metabolism gradually transforms or metabolizes the drug from its original active form to a less active, or even inactive, form. This process is accomplished in the liver, the principal organ of metabolism, by the action of liver enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial metabolism of a drug by liver enzymes when the drug is given by the oral route. The drug is absorbed from the intestines into the portal vein to the liver. The drug must first pass through the liver before it can enter the general circulation. For some drugs, the first-pass effect is so extensive that most of the drugs dose is immediately metabolized, and the drug must be given by a different route of administration in order to be therapeutic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inactive form of a drug after undergoing metabolism. It's a waste product that must be removed from the body. In contrast, some drugs are administered in an inactive form and remain inactive until they are metabolized by the liver. Then this metabolite form of a the drug becomes the active form. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that becomes active only after it's metabolized by the liver. The prefix pro- means before, and prodrug refers to the drug that's administered before the active drug is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| The necessary last step in ridding the body of waste products (inactive metabolites) and removing active drugs that aren't metabolized by the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug whose molecules are excreted in the urine because they're attracted to the water content of urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug whose molecules are attached to the lipid (fat) structure of the renal tubule wall. Then the drug's molecules pass through the tubule wall and into the blood of a nearby capillary, without being excreted in urine. |
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