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Chapter 4
Ecosytems & Communities
43
Biology
9th Grade
10/01/2014

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Cards

Term
aphotic zone
Definition

dark layer of the oceans where sunlight does not enter or penetrate

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Term
benthos
Definition

organisms that live attached to, or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans

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Term
canopy
Definition

thick (or dense) covering formed by the leafy tops

of tall rain forest trees

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Term
climate
Definition

average weather conditions over long periods

 

 

Term
commensalism
Definition

symbiotic (or close) relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

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Term
competitive exclusion principle
Definition
states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
Term

coniferous

 

Definition

refers to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles

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Term
deciduous
Definition

term used to refer to a type of tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year

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Term
ecological succession
Definition

series of gradual changes that occur in a

community following a disturbance

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Term
estuary
Definition

kind of wetland formed where a river meets the ocean

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Term

greenhouse effect

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Definition

process in which certain gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap sunlight energy in Earth's atmosphere as heat

 

Term
habitat
Definition

area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

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Term
herbivory
Definition

interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on the producers (such as plants)

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Term
humus
Definition

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic material

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Term
keystone species
Definition

single species that is not usually abundant in the community yet exerts strong control on the structure of a community

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Term
microclimate
Definition
environmental conditions that vary over small distances
Term
mutualism
Definition

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

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Term
niche
Definition
full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
Term
parasitism
Definition

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it

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Term
permafrost
Definition

layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the tundra

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Term
photic zone
Definition

sunlight region near the surface of water

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Term

pioneer species

 

Definition

first species to populate an area during succession

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Term

plankton

 

Definition

microscopic organisms that live in aquatic environments;

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Term
predation
Definition

interaction in which one organism (the predator)captures and feeds on another organism (the prey)

 

 

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Term
primary (1st) succession
Definition

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present

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Term
resource
Definition
any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space
Term
secondary succession
Definition
Occurs where a disturbance affects the community without completely destroying it. Often follows a wildfire, hurricane, or other natural disturbance. Proceeds faster than primary succession.
Term
symbiosis
Definition

relationship in which 2 species live close together

 

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Term
taiga
Definition

Dense (thick) forests of coniferous evergreens along the Northern edge of the temperature zone.

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Term
tolerance
Definition

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce under circumstance that differ from their optimal conditions

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Term
understory
Definition

In the shade below the canopy, shorter trees and vines form a layer called the ________________.

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Term
weather
Definition

day to day conditions of the Earth's atmosphere

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Term
wetland
Definition

An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year.

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Term
Earth's climate zones
Definition
tropical, temperate, polar
Term
tropical climate zone
Definition

This area receives nearly direct sunlight all year, includes the equator.

Term
Temperate zone
Definition

Between 23.5 degrees & 66.5 degrees north and south latitudes.

Receives very different amounts of solar energy at different times of the year because Earth's axis is tilted.

Term
Polar zone
Definition
Located between 66.5 degrees and 90 degrees north and south latitudes.
Term
Earth's rotation causes winds to blow generally from ____ to ____ over the temperate zones.
Definition
west, east
Term
Earth's rotation causes winds to blow generally from ____ to ____ over the tropics and the poles.
Definition
east, west
Term
Ocean currents transport enormous amounts of ____.
Definition
heat
Term
Examples of resources for animals:
Definition
nesting space, shelter, types of food, places to feed
Term
Example of resources for plants:
Definition
sunlight, water, soil nutrients
Term

Competition can occur among members of the same species known as _________, and

between members of different species known as _________.

Definition
intraspecific, asinterspecific
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