Term
| How does Carbon enter the biosphere? |
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Definition
| Through the action of plants, which use solar energy to transform atmospheric CO2 into the molecules of life. |
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Term
| What are compounds that contain Carbon called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major elements of life? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws |
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Term
| Who was Friedrich Wohler? |
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Definition
| Friedrich Wohler, in an attempt to make an "inorganic salt", mixed ammonium ions with cyanate ions, and created urea, an organic compound and partially disproved Vitalism. However, part of his experiment included blood, so people were not wholly convinced. |
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Term
| Describe Stanley Miller's experiment. |
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Definition
| Stanley Miller set up a closed chamber, that was supposed to have existed on the early Earth. Water was heated, and then water vapor entered an atmosphere with methane, ammonia, and hydrogen gas, which an electrode was passed through. That was condensed, and cooled, and the cooled water contained organic molecules. |
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Term
| How many electrons does Carbon have? How many valence electrons does Carbon have? |
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Definition
| Carbon has 6 electrons, with 4 valence electrons. |
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Term
| What is relevant about Carbon's tetravalent structure? |
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Definition
| Carbon's tetravalent structure makes it able to act as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in as many as four directions. |
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Term
| What kind of bonds bind Carbon to Oxygen? |
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Definition
| Double Covalent bonds bind Carbon to Oxygen. |
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Term
| What are the different formations of Carbon chains? |
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Definition
| Branched, arranged in closed rings, straight |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon |
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Term
| Why are hydrocarbon tails hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| They are hydrophobic because they are nonpolar (or mostly nonpolar) |
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Term
| What are several characteristics of hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
| Hydrocarbons are generally able to release a relatively large amount of energy, and are hydrophobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| have the same covalent partnerships, unlike structural isomers, but differ in their spatial arrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement with both X's on the same side of the double bond |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| isomers that are mirror images of each other |
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Term
| Why is it important to be aware of enantiomers? |
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Definition
| Because in pharmaceuticals one isomer may be harmful while one helps. A good example is thalidomide - the one prescribed for thousands of pregnant women in the late 1950s, that stopped morning sickness but caused severe birth defects. |
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Term
| What are differences between hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
| Double bonds, Rings, Lengths, Branching |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of compounds with hydroxyl groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of alcohols? |
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Definition
| They are polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom. They can also form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of compounds with Carbonyl groups? |
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Definition
Ketones - if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes - if the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of Ketones or Aldehydes? |
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Definition
| A Ketone and an Aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties. They are found in sugars. Sugars that contain aldehydes are aldoses, and ketoses that contain ketone. |
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Term
| What are the name of compounds that contain Carboxyl groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of Carboxylic Acids? |
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Definition
| They have acidic properties because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. It is very easy for the Hydrogen proton to dissasociate and release an H+ into the solution. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the name of compounds with an amino group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a compound with both a carboxyl group and an amine group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of amines? |
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Definition
| They act as bases - can pick up H+ from the surrounding solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are compounds that contain sulfhydryl groups called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are functional properties of sulfhydryl groups? |
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Definition
| Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This is called cross-linking and helps stabilize protein structure. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of compounds that contain phosphate groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of organic phosphates? |
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Definition
| Phosphate groups contribute negative charges to the molecule. They also have the potential of reacting with water, which releases energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of a compound with a methyl group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functional properties of methylated compounds? |
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Definition
| The addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA affects expression of genes. Also are important in sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine + 3 organic phosphates. |
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