Term
| Various drugs are used to maintain or restore circulation. The three major groups of these drugs are |
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Definition
| 1) anticoagulants, (2) antiplatelets (antithrombotics), and (3) thrombolytics. |
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Definition
| prevent platelet aggregation (clumping together of platelets to form a clot) |
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Definition
| prevent platelet aggregation (clumping together of platelets to form a clot) |
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Definition
| prevent platelet aggregation (clumping together of platelets to form a clot) |
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Term
| thrombolytics are popularly called |
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Definition
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Definition
| attack and dissolve blood clots that have already formed. |
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Definition
| s the formation of a clot in an arterial or venous vessel. |
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Term
| The formation of an arterial thrombus could be caused by |
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Definition
| blood stasis (because of decreased circulation),platelet aggregation on the blood vessel wall, or blood coagulation. |
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Term
| Arterial clots are usually made up of both _____ and _____ clots with the _____ clots (platelets) initiating the process, followed by fibrin formation and the trapping of ______ cells in the fibrin mesh. |
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Definition
| white, red, white, red blood |
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Term
| thrombus can be dislodged from the vessel and become an |
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Definition
| embolus (blood clot moving through the blood stream). |
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Term
| When platelets adhere to the broken surface of an endothelial lining, they synthesize _________ which is a product of prostaglandins and a potent stimulus for platelet aggregation (clumping of platelet cells) |
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TRUE OR FALSE
ANTICOAGULANTS DISSOLVE CLOTS |
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Definition
FALSE!!
they do not dissolve clots that have already formed, but rather act prophylactically to prevent new clots from forming |
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Term
| Anticoagulants are used in clients with venous and arterial disorders that put them at high risk for clot formation. Venous problems include: |
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Definition
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, and arterial problems include coronary thrombosis (myocardial infarction), presence of artificial heart valves, and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs, or stroke). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a natural substance in the liver that prevents clot formation. |
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Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation: |
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Definition
| DIC occurs when fibrin clots form within the vascular system. These clots consume proteins and platelets, depleting clotting factors and causing excess bleeding. |
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Term
| the primary use of heparin is to |
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Definition
| prevent venous thrombosis, which can lead to pulmonary embolism or stroke. |
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Term
| Heparin combines with _______ which accelerates the anticoagulant cascade of reactions that prevents thrombosis formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because heparin is poorly absorbed orally, it is given ____for prophylaxis or ____ to treat acute thrombosis. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ____ ___ heparins (LMWHs) produce more stable responses at recommended doses. |
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Definition
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TRUE OR FALSE:
Low–molecular-weight heparins do not need to have aPTT tests done in the patient |
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Definition
TRUE
Low–molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) produce more stable responses at recommended doses. As a result, frequent laboratory monitoring of aPTT is not required, |
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Term
| ___ ____ ____ ___ inactivates the Xa factor, but it is less able to inactivate thrombin. |
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Definition
| Low–molecular-weight heparin |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE:
you can be prescribed heparin to use at home. |
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Definition
FALSE
it needs to be monitored by PTT/aPTT testing |
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE
LMW Heparin can be administered at home |
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Definition
TRUE
The drugs can be administered at home, because aPTT monitoring is not necessary, |
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Term
| The half-life of LMWHs is_______ times longer than that of heparin. |
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Definition
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Term
TRUE OR FALSE
Warfarin (Coumadin), from the coumarin drug family, is the only oral anticoagulant prescribed today |
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Definition
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Term
| Oral anticoagulants prolong clotting time and are monitored by the |
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Definition
| prothrombin time (PT), a laboratory test that measures the time it takes blood to clot in the presence of certain clotting factors |
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Term
| the laboratory test most frequently used to report PT results. |
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Definition
| international normalized ratio (INR) |
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Term
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Definition
| trokes, peptic ulcers, and blood anomalies. These drugs should not be given to clients having eye, brain, or spinal surgery. |
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Term
| Antidote for warfarin overdose |
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Definition
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Term
| Intravenous heparin has a _____ onset; its peak time of action is reached in ______, and its duration of action is _____ |
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Definition
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Definition
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TRUE OR FALSE
Because warfarin is highly protein-bound, it is not affected by drug interactions. |
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Definition
FALSE
because its protein bound, its very affected by drug interactions. |
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Term
| ________ should be used instead of aspirin by clients taking warfarin to prevent drug interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Antiplatelet drug therapy is mainly for prophylactic use in the prevention of: |
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Definition
| (1) prevention of myocardial infarction or stroke for clients with familial history, (2) prevention of a repeat myocardial infarction or stroke, and (3) prevention of a stroke for clients having transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). |
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Term
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Definition
| (occlusion of an artery or vein caused by a thrombus or embolus) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| he thrombus, or blood clot, disintegrates when a thrombolytic drug is administered within _____ after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| thrombolytic Adverse Reactions |
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Definition
| Anaphylaxis (vascular collapse) and hemorrhage |
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Term
1. When a newly admitted client is placed on heparin, the nurse acknowledges that heparin is effective for preventing new clot formation in clients who have which disorder(s)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Coronary thrombosis
b. Acute myocardial infarction
c. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
d. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (stroke)
e. Venous disorders |
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Definition
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2. A client who received heparin begins to bleed, and the physician calls for the antidote. The nurse knows that which is the antidote for heparin?
a. protamine sulfate
b. vitamin K
c. aminocaproic acid
d. vitamin C |
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Definition
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Term
3. A client is prescribed enoxaparin (Lovenox). The nurse knows that low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has what kind of half-life?
a. A longer half-life than heparin
b. A shorter half-life than heparin
c. The same half-life as heparin
d. A four-times shorter half-life than heparin |
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Definition
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4. The nurse is teaching a client about clopidogrel (Plavix). What is important information to include?
a. Constipation may occur.
b. Hypotension may occur.
c. Bleeding may increase when taken with aspirin.
d. Normal dose is 25 mg tablet per day. |
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Definition
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5. A client is prescribed dalteparin (Fragmin). LMWH is administered via which route?
a. Intravenously
b. Intramuscularly
c. Intradermally
d. Subcutaneously |
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Definition
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6. A client is being changed from an injectable anticoagulant to an oral anticoagulant. Which anticoagulant does the nurse realize is administered orally?
a. enoxaparin sodium (Lovenox)
b. warfarin (Coumadin)
c. bivalirudin (Angiomax)
d. lepirudin (Refludan) |
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Definition
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Term
7. A client is taking warfarin 5 mg/day for atrial fibrillation. The client's international normalized ratio (INR) is 3.8. The nurse would consider the INR to be what?
a. Within normal range
b. Elevated INR range
c. Low INR range
d. Low average INR range |
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Definition
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8. Cilostazol (Pletal) is being prescribed for a client with coronary artery disease. The nurse knows that which is the major purpose for antiplatelet drug therapy?
a. To dissolve the blood clot
b. To decrease tissue necrosis
c. To inhibit hepatic synthesis of vitamin K
d. To suppress platelet aggregation |
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Definition
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9. A client is to undergo a coronary angioplasty. The nurse acknowledges that which drug is used primarily for preventing reocclusion of coronary arteries following a coronary angioplasty?
a. clopidogrel (Plavix)
b. abciximab (ReoPro)
c. warfarin (Coumadin)
d. streptokinase |
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Definition
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10. A client is admitted to the emergency department with an acute myocardial infarction. Which drug category does the nurse expect to be given to the client early for the prevention of tissue necrosis following blood clot blockage in a coronary or cerebral artery?
a. Anticoagulant agent
b. Antiplatelet agent
c. Thrombolytic agent
d. Low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) |
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Definition
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