Term
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Definition
| automatic or involuntary responses to specific stimulus, they are helpful in promoting survival. |
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Term
| What do reflexes indicate? |
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Definition
| they are an indication of a healthy central nervous system functioning or could reveal possible damage. The absence or presence of reflexes after an appropriate developmental period can signal dysfunction of the CNS and brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
degrees of sleep and wakefulness.
1. Regular sleep
2. Irregular sleep
3. Drowsiness
4. Quiet alertness
5. Waking activity and crying |
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Term
| Sleeping patterns for infants |
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Definition
they are constantly changing during the first few months of life, which is due to brain development, could also be influenced by cultural beliefs and practices.
- REM: breathing uneven and rapid movements.
- NREM: deep sleep state; body motionless and breathing even.
- Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours per day by age 2.
- Unique sleeping patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
is a form of communication and is a survival reflex, causes adults to respond. Affected by:
1. Responsiveness
2. Sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Interpretation of cry: intensity, context, and accuracy improvement.
2. Adult characteristics:
- Empathy
- Child-centered attitude |
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Term
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Definition
Learning changes in behavior as a result of experience.
1. Sensory exploration
2. Natural preference for novel stimulation
3. Observing others (imitation) |
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Term
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Definition
response to stimuli reduces after repeated exposure, it indicates a loss of interest.
- Infants respond strongly to new stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
movement involves larger body parts - control over actions that help infants get around.
i.e. crawling, standing, and walking. |
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Term
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Definition
movement involves small body parts.
i.e. reaching, grasping, and coloring. |
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Term
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Definition
is uncoordinated and unsuccessful prereaching with newborns, but develops into purposeful reaching which influences grasping.
- From unlar grasp to pincer grasp at the end of year one. |
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Term
| How are infants responsive to touch? |
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Definition
| there are certain reflexes response when they are touch on their palms, soles, and genitals. |
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Term
| How is pain relieved for infants? |
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Definition
| with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding, and nipples containing sugar solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| newborns can distinguish between a variety of tastes, but prefer sweet tastes at birth, though quickly learn to like new tastes. |
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Term
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Definition
infants will turn head in direction of sound and actually prefer complex sounds versus simple tones; this is due to exposure to sound prenatally, its loud in the womb.
- Infants organize sounds into patterns over the first year.
- Takes 12 to 13 years to reach adult sensitivity to sound.
- Biologically prepared to learn language.
- Prefer positive speech to negative speech. |
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Term
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Definition
- Newborns learn to prefer their mother's face shape, though vision is the least developed of the sense at birth.
- Eye movement is slow and inaccurate.
- Can focus on object about one to two feet.
- Depth perception, ability to judge distance is shoddy. |
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Term
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Definition
brain-wave activity, measured with the EEG, is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are uneven.
- 50% of baby's sleep
- Vital for growth the CNS
- Protects health of eye |
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Term
| Non-rapid eye movement sleep |
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Definition
| the body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even. |
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Term
| Ethological theory on crying |
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Definition
| parental responsiveness is adaptive in that it ensures that the infant's basic needs will be met and it brings the baby into close contact with the caregiver. |
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Term
| Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli.
- Scores are used to recommend appropriate interventions and to guid parents in metting their baby's unique needs. |
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Term
| Why a single neonatal assessment not a good predictor for later development? |
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Definition
| Because newborn behavior and parenting combine to influence development, changes in scores over the first week or two of life provide the best estimate of the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| a new stimulus or a change in environment causes the habituated response to return to a high level. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for stimuli to which infants were exposed weeks or months earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| looking longer at the familiar action than the new action. |
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Term
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Definition
| looking longer at the new action than the old action. |
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Term
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Definition
by copying the behavior of another person.
- Skeptics: believe that the newborn imitative capacity is little more than an automatic response that declines with age.
- Others: claim that newborns imitate a variety of facial expressions with effort and determination, even after short delays --> imitation does not decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells in many areas of the cerebral cortex of primates that underlie these capacities. Mirror neurons fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own. |
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Term
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Definition
| poorly coordinated swipes. |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of movement and location in space, arising from stimuli within the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| a clumsy motion in which the baby's fingers close against the palm. |
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Term
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Definition
| infants use the thumb and index finger in a well-coordinated manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| motor activity is a vital means for exploring and learning about the world, and improved perception brings about more effective motor activity. |
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Term
| Statistical learning capacity |
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Definition
| by analyzing the speech stream for patterns - repeatedly occurring sequences of sounds - they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they start to talk around age 12 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| designed by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walls and used in the earliest studies of depth perception. It consists of Plexiglass covered table with a platform at the center, a "shallow" side with a checkerboard pattern just under the glass, and a "deep" side with a checkerboard several feet below the glass. |
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Term
| Emergence of depth perception |
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Definition
1. Motion is the first depth cue.
2. Binocular depth cues arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of visual field.
3. Last to develop are pictorial depth cues |
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Term
| Why does perception of depth emerge in a specific order? |
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Definition
| Because motor development is involved. |
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Term
| What role does crawling play in perceptual development? |
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Definition
| Crawling experience promotes other aspect of 3D understanding and promotes a new level of brain organization. It also strengthens certain neural connections, especially those involved in vision and understanding of space. |
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Term
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Definition
| explains early pattern preferences. Contrast refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern. If babies are sensitive to the contrast in tow or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast. |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image. |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of an objects' shape as stable, despite changes in shape projected on the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| we make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and tast information, perceiving them as integrated wholes. |
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Term
| Amodal sensory properties |
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Definition
| information that is not specific to a single modality but overlaps two or more sensory systems. |
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Term
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Definition
infants actively search for invariant features of the environment - those that remain stable - in a constantly perceptual world.
- Differentiation because over time the baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| the action possibilities that a situation offers and organism with certain motor capabilities. |
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