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Definition
| The capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize |
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Definition
| The largest, most complex structure of the human brain, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses, |
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Definition
| A general principle accounting for early pattern preferences, which states that if babies can detect a difference in contrast between two patterns, they will prefer the one with more contrast |
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Definition
| The view that perceptual development involves the detection of increasingly fine-grained invariant features in the environment |
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| Dynamic Systems Theory of Motor Development |
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Definition
| Views new motor skills as reorganizations of previously mastered skills. Each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development, the body's movement possibilities, environmental supports for the skill, and the child's goal. |
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| Experience-dependent brain growth |
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Definition
| Growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures. |
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Definition
| Cells that are responsible for myelination of neural fibers, improving the efficiency of message transfer |
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Definition
| A gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation |
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Definition
| Perception that combines information from more than one sensory system |
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Definition
| Disease caused by a diet low in protein (1-3 years usually) Symptoms include an enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, skin rash, and irritable behavior. |
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Definition
| Specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| Disease caused by malnutrition and leads to a wasted condition of the body |
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Definition
| Specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates that underlie the ability to imitate by firing identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out the action on its own |
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Definition
| The coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that store and transmit information |
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Definition
| Chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse to send messages to other neurons |
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Term
| Nonorganic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| A growth disorder (by 18 mos) that is caused by lack of affection and stimulation. Affected infants show signs of marasmus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that changes the probability that the behavior will occur again |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, removal of a desirable stimulus or presentation of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Definition
| Following habituation, an increase in responsiveness to a new stimulus |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response |
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Term
| Statistical learning capacity |
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Definition
| Infants' ability to analyze the speech stream for regularly occurring sound sequences, through which they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later have a meaning |
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Definition
| The gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent |
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Definition
| loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons, thereby returning them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development. |
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Term
| How much height do babies gain from birth to age 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much height do babies gain from birth to age 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 Methods for Measuring Brain Functioning |
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Definition
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Electrodes are attached to the scalp to record electrical brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Event-related potentials (ERPs) |
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Definition
Using the EEG, the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to particular stimuli are recorded in the cerebral cortex.
Enables identification of general regions of stimulus-induced activity |
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Term
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| White the person lies inside a tunnel-shaped apparatus that creates a magnetic field, a scanner detects increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain. |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| After injection/inhalation of a radioactive substance, the person lies inside an apparatus with a scanner that emits fine streams of x-rays which detect increased blood flow, and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain. |
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Term
| Near-Infrared Optical Topography (NIROT) |
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Definition
| Using optical fibers attached to the scalp, light is beamed at the brain; its absorption by areas of the cerebral cortex varies with changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory information and control of the right side of the body
Verbal abilities
Positive emotion
Sequential, analytical processing |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory information and control of the left side of the body
Spatial abilities
Negative emotion
Holistic, integrative processing |
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Term
| When does sleep move to an adult-like night-day schedule? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Influences on Early Growth |
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Definition
Heredity
Nutrition
Malnutrition
Emotional well being |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncertain access to enough food for a healthy, active life |
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Term
| 4 milestones of reaching and grasping |
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Definition
Prereaching
Reaching
Ulnar grasp
Pincer grasp |
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Term
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Definition
Adjust grip to object
Move objects from hand to hand |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of musical phrasing |
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Term
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Definition
| "Screen out" sounds from non-native languages |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language |
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Term
| Vision improvements at 2 months |
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Definition
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Term
| Vision improvements at 6 months |
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Definition
| Acuity, scanning, and tracking |
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Term
| Vision improvements from 6-7 months |
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Definition
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Term
| Face Perception 2-4 months |
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Definition
Prefer complex facial pattern to other complex patterns
Can distinguish strange from familiar faces
Prefer mother's face over stranger |
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Term
| Face perception 5-12 months |
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Definition
| Can perceive emotional expressions on faces |
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Term
| Intermodal Perception 3-4 months |
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Definition
| Relate speech sounds to lip movement |
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Term
| Intermodal Perception 4-6 months |
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Definition
| Perceive unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults |
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