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Chapter 4
Flashcards for the Brain
94
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/06/2012

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Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. THINK: body is symmetrical, your spinal cord and brain fall in the centre therefore central.
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down to the centre of the back and protected by a column of bones (the spinal column)
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves. THINK: your peripheral is everything you see outside your main line of vision.
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system. THINK: s for skeletal, s for sensory.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands. THINK: think auto= car, car has internal "organs"
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress. THINK: emotion = sympathetic person
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy. THINK: paralyzed people don't move, they are relaxed
Term
Neuron
Definition
a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell.
Term
Glia
Definition
cells that support, nurture and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections and modify neuronal functioning. THINK: Glia=grandmothery sounding. Grandmother protects you, keeps you warm, and cleans you up as a baby.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
A neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it towards the cell body. THINK: dandrif which is received from your scalp and then flakes off onto your body.
Term
Cell body
Definition
The part of neurons that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire (transmit a message to other neurons). THINK: your body keeps you alive, it determines whether you should do something
Term
Axon
Definition
A neuron's extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons or muscle/gland cells. THINK: Axon= A = away.
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
A fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron. THINK: myeling sounds like nylon which is a material, a sheath then covers you which insulates/keeps you warm
Term
Nerve
Definition
A bundle of nerve fibres (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system
Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
Production of new neurons from immature stem cells. THINK: genesis means forming something.
Term
Stem Cells
Definition
Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging environments, they can develop into any cell type. THINK: stem = very beginning, therefore immature.
Term
Where do axons commonly divide at the end into?
Definition
Axon terminals. THINK airplanes have different terminals that flights divide into
Term
Synapse
Definition
The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs. It includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell. THINK: synopsis which includes a summary of everything, therefore including a number of sites
Term
What are neurons separated by?
Definition
synaptic cleft. THINK cleft lip, separates your lip in half
Term
Action Potential
Definition
A brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated. It serves to produce an electrical impulse. THINK: action hero- lighting bolt- electricity
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of the receiving cell. Enables cells to excite or inhibit each other.
Term
Plasticity
Definition
The brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience - for example by reorganizing or growing new neural connections. THINK: you can mould plastercine into anything
Term
Excitatory Effect
Definition
voltage shifted in a positive direction . THINK: when you are excited, you are positive
Term
Inhibitory Effect
Definition
shift in negative direction. THINK: when you are inhibited , you have a negative reaction. We need it to sleep and movement coordination!!
Term
Where is the occipital cortex associated with?
Definition
The eyes. THINK: optomotirist, circular eye = o
Term
3 types of chemical messengers
Definition
Endorphins
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Term
Neurotransmitters Functions
Definition
- make it possible for one neuron to exite or inhibit another
- exists in both the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and glands
AFFECTS MOOD, MEMORY and WELL BEING. THINK: transmitting a certain mood because of a memory, resulting in overall well being
Term
What determines the nature of the effect of neurotransmitters?
Definition
The level, location and type of receptor it binds with
Term
Name the well known neurotransmitters
Definition
Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate
Term
Serotonin
Definition
- sleep
- appetite
- sensory perception
- temperature regulation
- pain suppression
- mood
THINK: all of the factors that make up somebodies mood...pain, temperature, senses, appetite and sleep
Term
Dopamine
Definition
-voluntary movement
- learning
- memory
- emotion
- pleasure or reward
THINK: when you're high on dope, you are jeopordizing your memory and ability to learn. You become very emotion driven. You move differently.
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
-muscle action
- cognitive functioning
- memory
-emotion
THINK: when you're high on adic your brain functions differently, your muscles move around (you twitch) and like dope, your memory is fuzzied and you are driven by your emotions
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
- increased heart rate
- slowing of intestinal activity during stress
- neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion
THINK: Norah= old person. increased heart rate may cause heart attack, old people have bathroom issues, and old people have learned a lot and remember a lot, old people get up early
Term
GABA
Definition
Major inhibitory transmitter in brain. THINK: short word, very condenced, therefore inhibited growth
Term
Glutamate
Definition
Exitatory neurotransmitter, released by about 90 % of brains neurons. THINK: glucose=sugar. Sugar makes you excited/hyper
Term
What can abnormal levels of GABA do?
Definition
- sleep disorders
-eating disorders
- epilepsy
Term
What can abnormally low levels of acetylcholine do?
Definition
- Altzeimers
THINK: drugs cause brain damage (acid)
Term
What can abnormally low levels of dopamine do?
Definition
- tremors and rigity of Parkinsons disease
THINK: dope makes you anxious and gittery
Term
Too much glutamate causes what?
Definition
- multiple schlerosis
Term
Endorphins Functions
Definition
- chemical messenger
- reduce pain
-promote pleasure
-appetite, sexual arousal, blood pressure, mood, learning, memory
ALTER THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS (by limiting or prolonging them)
THINK: endorphin looks like morphine
Term
When do endorphin levels shoot up?
Definition
When we are stressed out or afraid because it makes pain more bearable.
Term
Hormonal Functions
Definition
- third class of chemical messengers
- PRODUCED IN ENDOCRINE GLANDS
-released into bloodstream
- bodily growth, aiding digestion, regulating metabolism
Term
Where are hormones produced?
Definition
Endocrine glands. THINK doc is in word, docs give you hormones for bc pills
Term
Types of hormones
Definition
Melatonin
Oxytocin
Adrenal Hormones
Sex Hormones
Term
Melatonin
Definition
created in pineal gland. Promotes sleep and daily biological rhythms. THINK: its what I take at night to sleep. Made in pineal gland- think mela like melon and pine like pinnaple
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
secreted by the pituitary gland. Enhances uterine contractions, ejection of milk when nursing. Promotes attatchment and trust. THINK: oxycottons you become attached to. Cotton is white like milk.
Term
Adrenal
Definition
Produced in adrenal glands (above kidneys). THINK: adrenalin- released when you are stressed, pumped up. Involved in emotion as well.
Term
Sex Hormones
Definition
Secreted by gonads and adrenal glands.
Term
What are the three types of sex hormones?
Definition
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens
Progesterone
Term
Androgens
Definition
- physical changes in men
- pubic hair development in both genders
Term
Estrogens
Definition
- female puberty
- influence menstrual cycle
Term
Progesterone
Definition
- growth and maintenance of the uterine lining
Term
Where are neurotransmitters produced?
Definition
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, certain glands
Term
Where are endorphins produced?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Where are hormones produced?
Definition
mainly in endocrine glands
Term
What is the lesion method of brain study?
Definition
damaging or removing sections of animals brains
Term
What are electrodes?
Definition
- detect eletrical activity of neurons
- cause brain waves
Term
What do you call a brain wave recording?
Definition
EEG. Patterns of electrical activity.
Term
What do TMS's do?
Definition
send large current into brain which causes neurons to fire. Can be used to inactivate areas and cause motor movement. What happens behaviourally when inactive
Term
What does a PET do?
Definition
Visual representation. released glucose like substance into brain
goes to areas that are active/consuming glucose quickly
Term
What does an MRI do?
Definition
- no chemicals
-magnetic fields and radio frequencies
-produce vibrations
Term
Why are mapping of the brain techniques controversial?
Definition
Tell us where but not why or how
Term
Localization of function
Definition
specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions. FRANZ GALL.
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
- base of the skull
- two main structures
-pons is on top of medulla
Term
What are the two main structures of the brain stem?
Definition
Medulla and the pons
Term
What is the pons involved in?
Definition
sleeping, walking and dreaming
THINK: ponds are relaxing, you can walk around them
Term
What is the medulla responsible for?
Definition
bodily functions that are not consciously willed
-breathing
- heart rate
THINK: medulla = sounds magical..does it itself
Term
What extends from the core of the brain stem?
Definition
Recticular Activating System (RAS)
Term
What does RAS do?
Definition
-dense network of neurons
- above brain stem into centre of brain
- screens incoming information
-arouses the higher levels when something is happening
WITHOUT we cannot be alert
THINK: RAS sounds like a machine- therefore a screener like the MRI etc. Activating = arousing
Term
The Cerebellum
Definition
- laying along side of brain stem at back
-size of a small fist
balance, coordination, memory for simple skills, reflexes
THINK: bell is balanced when it hits side to side
Term
The Thalamus
Definition
- deep in interior of brain
- traffic officer
-directs sensory info to higher areas
THINK: Hal and Amus (names) who are traffic cops
Term
What is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus and where does it go?
Definition
smell. Olfactory bulb.
THINK: Think bulb- bulbous nose.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
- sits beneath thalamus (hence hypo)
- relates to survival
- hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction
- controls the operation with the autonomic nervous system
-regulates body temp
THINK: hypothermia = body temp, when you have hypothermia you go into survival mode
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
- hangs from hypothalamus
-secretes hormones
- receives chemicals from the hypothalamus
THINK: pit- arm pit hair=hormones
Term
Limbic System
Definition
- comes from latin word for border
- forms a border for the higher and lower parts of the brain
MEMORY and EMOTION
- Amydgala, hippocampus, cerebrum
Term
Amygdala
Definition
initial evaluation of sensory info to determine its importance, mediation of anxiety and depression
formation and retrieval of emotional memory
THINK: Amyg sounds like amid. Amid chaos you determine importance of what you are experiencing. Make memories. MIG is an army plane. Its the little almond.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
- sea horse looking
- compares sensory info with what the brain has learned to expect of the world. When expectations are met, the brain calms down.
- formation of new memories and facts
THINK: on university campus you learn new info, create memories and come across new things
INFO IS STORED IN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Need it for info to reach different cortex's
Term
The Cerebrum
Definition
Largest part
- cauliflower
- higher forms of thinking take place
Term
Two halves/cerebral hemispheres of the Cerebrum?
Definition
Right and Left
Term
Lateralization
Definition
specialization of two cerebral hemispheres for particular opperations
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Top of the brain
- produce grey tissue
- 3/4ths of all the cells in the human brain
Higher mental functions
Term
What are the four distinct lobes?
Definition
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
- back of head
- contain visual cortex
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
- top of the brain
- somatosensory cortex
- info about pressure pain, touch and temp
THINK: p for pain
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Sides/temples
- memory, perception and emotion
- auditory cortex
-Wernikes area is for language (left)
THINK: empor - old, memories,
Term
Frontal Lobes
Definition
- front of brain
- moving, short term memory, planning, goal setting, creativity, intiative, social judgement, rational decision making, speech production
CONTAINS MOTOR CORTEX
Term
Where is speech produced?
Definition
left frontal lobe
Term
Where is the motor cortex?
Definition
The frontal lobe (back part)
Term
Where is the somatosensory cortex?
Definition
The parietal lobes (frontal part)
Term
The prefrontal cortex
Definition
most forward part of frontal lobes
- Reasoning, decision making, planning
- relate to personality
Term
How have scientists reduced or eliminated seizures in some patients?
Definition
Split the brain
- perception and memory is affected
Term
What is the self?
Definition
The simultaneous activation of the brain
Term
How does culture affect the brain?
Definition
different connections are stimulated in different cultures due to what we focus on
connections look different based on when you learn language
Term
How does sex affect your brain?
Definition
- there are differences physically but don't cause different behaviour
- women use both sides, men tend to use only one
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