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Definition
| The blood vessel supplying a nephron. |
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Definition
| An adrenal hormone that acts on the distal tubules of the kidney to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and the passive flow of water from the filtrate. |
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Definition
| A small, very toxic molecule made up of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom; produced by nitrogen fixation and as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. |
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Definition
| A hormone that stimulates constriction of precapillary arterioles and increases reabsorption of NaCl and water by the proximal tubules of the kidney, increasing blood pressure and volume. |
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Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It promotes water rentention by the kidneys as part of an elaborate feedback scheme that helps regulate the osmolarity of the blood. |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone that opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). |
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Definition
| A cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood. |
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Definition
| The location in the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected; the filtrate is now called urine. |
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Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct. |
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Definition
| The blood vessel draining a nephron. |
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Definition
| Referring to organisms that can tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity. |
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Definition
| The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid extracted by the excretory system from the blood or body cavity. The excretory system produces urine from the filtrate after extracting valuable solutes from it and concentrating it. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the blood by the nephrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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Definition
| A specialized tissue located near the afferent arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption. |
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Definition
| A unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and functions in osmoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (plural, metanephridia) In annelid worms, a type of excretory tubule with internal openings called nephrostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiopores. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney. |
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Definition
| An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isotonic with its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration expressed as molarity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The regulation of solute and water concentrations in body fluids by organisms living in hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and terrestrial environments. |
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Definition
| An animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypotonic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hypertonic environment. |
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Definition
| The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excretory system, such as the flame-cell system of flatworms, consisting of a network of closed tubules having external openings called nephridiopores and lacking internal openings. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman’s capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate. |
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Definition
| The blood vessel bringing blood to the kidney. |
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Definition
| The outer portion of the vertebrate kidney. |
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Definition
| The inner portion of the vertebrate kidney, beneath the renal cortex. |
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Definition
| Funnel-shaped chamber that receives processed filtrate from the vertebrate kidney’s collecting ducts and is drained by the ureter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The blood vessel draining the kidney. |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) |
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Definition
| A part of a complex feedback circuit that normally partners with antidiuretic hormone in osmoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) The discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell. (2) In the vertebrate kidney, the discharge of wastes from the blood into the filtrate from the nephron tubules. |
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Definition
| Referring to organisms that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity. |
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Definition
| A soluble nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals, most adult amphibians, and many marine fishes and turtles; produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
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Definition
| A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system. |
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Definition
| An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and some reptiles. |
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Definition
| The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination. |
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