Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 43: The Immune System
Includes types of immunity, specific receptors and pathogens
55
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/07/2015

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Pathogens
Definition
An agent that causes bacteria, viral, or other infections
Term
Immune System
Definition
Bacteria-fighting agents like macrophage or leukocytes that fight body infections
Term
Molecular Recognition
Definition
Immunity cells which produce receptors that bind to strange molecules and activates responses in order to defend the body from infection
Term
Innate Immunity
Definition
Recognizing traits shared by various pathogens using small set of receptors with fast response in all animals
Term
Defense Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
Definition
Barrier: Defends with the skin, mucous membrane, and secretions
Internal: Defends with phagocytic cells, natural killing cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response
Term
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
Definition
Recognizing specific types of phagocytes utilizing multiple specific receptors for vertebrae only, which develops slowly after innate immunity
Term
Defense Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Humoral Response: In body fluid, antibodies fight infection "defend"
Cell-Mediated Response: In body cells, the cytotoxic cells fight infection "defend"
Term
Lysozyme
Definition
Enzyme that destroys bacteria cell walls
Term
Phagocyte
Definition
A type of hemocyte that eats or ingests bacteria breaking it down
Term
Hemocyte
Definition
Phagocytic immune cells that travel throughout the body
Term
Toll
Definition
A receptor on the surface of hemocytes
Term
Toli-Like Receptors (TLR)
Definition
Binds to uncommon parts of molecules, usually a trait of pathogens
Term
TLR 3
Definition
Located on the inner surface of vesicles, it is a intracellular receptor that binds to RNA molecule that has qualities of certain infected agents
Term
TLR 4
Definition
Located on immune cell plasma membrane, it is an extracellular receptor that recognizes LPS found on bacteria surfaces
Term
TLR 5
Definition
An extracellular receptor that recognizes flagellin; the star protein of bacteria for flagella
Term
TLR 9
Definition
An intracellular receptor that binds to CpG DNA
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
Small phagocytes that are in the blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissue; eats and destroys pathogens
Term
Macrophage
Definition
Large phagocytes that migrate throughout the body but mostly reside permanently in organs and tissues where they usually encounter pathogens and trapping them
Term
Dendritic Cells
Definition
A phagocyte that raises levels of awareness for adaptive immunity to fight pathogens they encounter and engulfing them
Term
Natural Killer Cells
Definition
Cells that travel throughout the body with a weird range to detect certain surface proteins; releases chemicals that kill viruses
Term
Interferons
Definition
Proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections
Term
Inflammatory Response
Definition
Changes stimulated by molecules released from injury or infection
Term
Histamine
Definition
Important inflammatory stimulation molecule (sends signals) and stored in mast cells
Term
Mast Cells
Definition
Densely packed vesicles in connective tissue
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Signaling molecules released by macrophage and neutrophil
Term
Pus
Definition
Lots of white blood cells + dead pathogens + cell debris from damaged tissues
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
White blood cell found in the lymphatic system
Term
B Cells
Definition
Type of lymphocyte that matures only in the bone marrow
Term
T Cells
Definition
Type of lymphocyte that migrates to the thymus and matures there
Term
Antigen
Definition
A foreign substance that draws out B Cell or T Cell responses or prompting a response in the immune system
Term
Antigen Receptor
Definition
Recognizing a bacteria or viral protein when a B or T Cell binds to that protein via their protein (their recognition protein is called...)
Term
Epitope
Definition
Small portion of antigen that binds to antigen receptor
Term
Antibody/Immunoglobulin
Definition
Secreted protein from the B Cell antigen receptor binding to an antigen (soluble form of the receptor)
Term
MHC Molecule (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
Definition
When the host cell exposes antigen fragment from it's surface (occurs more often in T Cells)
Term
Antigen Presentation
Definition
Display of antigen in MHC protein; exposure from movement of MHC molecule and the bound antigen fragment up to the cell's surface (for the T cell recognition process only)
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
B and T cells' receptors specific for body's own molecules are destroyed (programmed cell death)
Term
Self-Tolerance
Definition
Body normally lacks mature lymphocytes that can react against its own parts
Term
Effector Cells
Definition
Clone cells become the types of cells that are short-lived and immediately take effect on antigen and any pathogen producing that antigen
Term
Plasma Cells
Definition
Effector cells of B cells that secrete antibodies
Term
Memory Cells
Definition
Rest of clone cells that are long-lived and give rise to effector cell if the same antigen appears again
Term
Clonal Selection
Definition
Proliferation of B or T cells into clone cells in response to a specific antigen and immune cell signals
Term
Immunological Memory
Definition
Responsible for long term protection against diseases like chicken pox
Term
Primary Immune Response
Definition
Production of effector cells from clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure of an antigen generating memory cells
Term
Secondary Immune Response
Definition
Repeated exposure to the same antigen produces faster response, greater magnitude, and effector cells become more prolonged.
Term
Humoral Immune Response
Definition
Adaptive immunity response from defenses by B and T cells that occurs in body fluids (blood and lymph) which help eliminate toxins and pathogens in body fluids using antibodies
Term
Cell-Mediated Response
Definition
Adaptive immunity response from defenses by B and T cells that have special T cells destroying infected host cell
Term
Helper T Cells
Definition
Triggers both humoral and cell-mediated immune response by signaling out to initiate the production of antibodies, neutralizing pathogens, and activating T cells that kill infected cells
Term
Antigen-Presenting Cell
Definition
A dendritic cell, macrophage, or B cell that displays antigen on it's surface
Term
Cytotoxic T Cells
Definition
Uses toxic proteins to kill infected cells by pathogens before pathogens mature
Term
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Definition
Impairment in immune system which leaves body open to infections and cancers that a healthy system
Term
Allergies
Definition
Exaggerated hypersensitive response to certain antigens called allergens
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
Defenses arise when pathogen infects the body and initiates primary or secondary response
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
Antibodies in the recipitent are produced by another individual
Term
Neutralization
Definition
Antibodies secreted by B cells that bind to surface protein of pathogens to prevent pathogen from binding to other cells
Term
Opsonization
Definition
In adaptive immunity for humoral immunity, this type of combat allows antibodies to bind to antigens on surface of bacteria, making the bacteria look more appealing, promoting phagocytosis by macrophage and neutrophils to eat it!
Supporting users have an ad free experience!