Term
| Who was the first to discover cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Robert Hooke name the shapes he saw? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Anton van Leeukwenhoek first observe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three principles are included in the cell theory? |
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Definition
1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, metabolism and hereditary occur within the cells
2. cells are the smallest living things
3. cells arise by division of a previously exisiting cell |
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Term
| What is the reason for a small sized cell? |
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Definition
| diffusion of substances in and out of cells |
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Term
| The rate of diffusion is effected by what? |
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Definition
| surface area, temperature, concentration gradient, and distance |
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Term
| The advantange of small cell size is found in terms of what? |
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Definition
| surface area-to-volume ratio |
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Term
| As a cell's size increases what happens to the volume and surface area? |
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Definition
| Volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area |
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Term
| What has allowed us to continually explore cells in greater detail? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distingushed as two seperate points. |
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Term
| What are compound microscopes? |
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Definition
| microscopes that magnify in stages using several lenses. |
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Term
| what four features do all cells have in common? |
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Definition
| nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of the cell in an area called the nucleoid |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that code for the proteins synthesized by the cell |
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Term
| What semifluid matrix fills the interior of a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cytoplasm contain? |
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Definition
| all the sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell uses to carry out it's activities |
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Term
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Definition
| any discrete macromolecular structure in the cytoplasm specialized for a particular function |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the cytoplasm that contains ions and organic molecules |
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Term
| What does the plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
| Encloses a cell and seperates its contents from its surroundings |
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Term
| What makes up a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main types of proteins found in a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do transport proteins of the plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
| help molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What do receptor proteins in a plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
| They induce changes when they come in contact with another molecule, such as hormones |
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Term
| What do prokaryotic cells lack? |
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Definition
| They dont have a nucleus, membrane system, or numerous membrane bounded organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry out protein synthesis |
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Term
| Where does the strenght of a prokaroyatic cell come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are bacteria cell walls made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is peptidoglycan made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they protect th cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water |
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Term
| What are cell walls composed of? |
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Definition
| polysaccharides, proteins, and possibly even inorganic compounds |
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Term
| How are archael lipids and bacterial lipids different? |
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Definition
| Archael contain saturated hydrocarbons that are covalently attached to glycerol at both ends |
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Term
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Definition
| long, threadlike structures that are used in locomotion |
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Term
| What is the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| The system that is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
| What does the central vacuole do? |
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Definition
| It stores proteins, pigments, and waste materials |
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Term
| Plant and animal cells contain vesicles. What do vesicles do? |
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Definition
| smaller sacs that store and transport a variety of materials |
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Term
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Definition
| when the DNA is wrapped tightly around a protein and packaged into small units |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal protein scaffold that supports an eukoryatic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a centralized core of a cell containing protons and nuetrons and houses the chromosomal DNA |
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Term
| Who first described the nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What keeps the nucleus in its position? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nucleolus and what happens there? |
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Definition
| a dark-staining zone of the nucleus and where an intensive systhesis of ribosomonal RNA takes place. |
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Term
| what is the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
| it is the bounding structure of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| They are openings in the nulcear envelope that allow selective passage of proteins and nucleic acids in and out of the nucleus. |
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Term
The passage of the nuclear pore is restricted to two kinds of molecules. What are these?
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Definition
| proteins moving into the nulcelus used to catalyze activities or structures, or RNA in the nucleus that is exported to the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the DNA packager that helps regulate gene expression. |
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Term
| What happens with a ribsome? |
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Definition
| the individual subunits are synthesize in the nucleus and then move through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where they are assembled to translate into mRNA |
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Term
| Each subunit of a ribosome is composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does mRNA and tRNA do? |
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Definition
| mRNA carries coding information from DNA and tRNA carries amino acids |
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Term
| What is the largest internal membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ER is composed of two different types. Name them. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inner region of the ER called? |
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Definition
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Term
What two states can ribosomes be found in?
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Definition
| Free flowing or attached to the ER |
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Term
| What does the rough ER look like? |
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Definition
| flat and studed with ribosomes |
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Term
| What does the smooth ER look like? |
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Definition
| round and they have no ribosomes studed to the side |
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Term
| Who proposed that plants and animal cells are multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface area to volume ration decreases as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five differences in prokaroytoic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
1. size
2. membrane bound organelles
3. presence of a true nucleus
4. form of the DNA
5. Size of the ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the gram stain of a positive and negative peptidoglycan cell wall? |
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Definition
| Positive- Purple, Negative- red |
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Term
What is the difference in flagellum in prokaroytic cells and eukaryotic cells?
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Definition
Prokaryotic- prepeller, rotating
Eukaryotic- snake-like, whips
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Term
| The nucleus is the site of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The proteins synthesized on the surface of the RER are destined to be exported to where? |
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Definition
| the lysosomes or vacuoles, or embedded in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| The RER can form glycoproteins, how are these made? |
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Definition
| they are newly synthesized proteins that are modified by the addition of carbs. |
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Term
| What are the roles of the SER? |
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Definition
| storing Calcium, assemblence of lipids, and untoxifying foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins with a lipid structure attached |
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Term
| The cis side of the golgi appartus faces the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The trans side of the golgi appartus faces the what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flattened stacks of membranes interconnected with one another |
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Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| to collect, modify, and distribute proteins to use in another part of the cell |
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Term
| Describe the protein transport through the endomembrane system. |
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Definition
| Vesciles containing proteins bud from the RER, diffuse through the cell and fuses to the cis side of the GA. They are modified and packaged into vesicles for transport and then placed into secretory vesicle where they are transported to the plasma membrane and exported to the extracellular enviornment |
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Term
| Protein transport is most often associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a small collecting vessel that pinches off from the end of a golgi body to form a transport vesicle and moves materials through the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Golgi appartaus is involved in the synthesis of what? |
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Definition
| cell wall components such as noncellulose polysaccharides |
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Term
| The break down organelle is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lysosomes have what main function? |
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Definition
| they contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest cells or particles taken into the cell by phagocytosis, and break down the old organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyming containing organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| a microbody that contains enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. |
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Term
| How do peroxisomes get their name? |
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Definition
| form the hydrogen peroxide produced as a by-product of the activities of oxidative enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| are microbodies found in plants |
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Term
| What do plants use vacuoles for? |
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Definition
| storage and water balance, and to increase and decrease density |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the membrane surronding the vacuole |
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Term
| How are mitochondria and chloroplast similar? |
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Definition
| Both surronded by a double membane, contain their own DNA, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis machinery |
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Term
| The "power house" of the cell is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two membranes that mitochondria is bounded by. |
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Definition
| The smooth outer and an inner folded membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
| The cristae partitions the mitochondria into two compartments called.. |
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Definition
| the matrix and the intermembrane space |
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Term
| What is the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Definition
| it is inside the inner membrane |
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Term
| What is the intermembrane space of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| it lies between the two membranes of the mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Plant cells and eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis have what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the fluid in a chloroplasts called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Choloroplasts have what advantage? |
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Definition
| they can manufacture their own food |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the stacked membranes in closed compartments in the chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| they are disks found in the grana of the chloroplasts |
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Term
| What is mitochondria's advantage to having DNA? |
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Definition
| it contains several genes that produce proteins essential to the mitochondria's role in oxidative metabolism |
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Term
| How are mitchondria and chloroplasts thought to have arose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| the network of protein fibers that support the shape of a cell |
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Term
| What three type of fibers might a cytoskeleton have? |
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Definition
| actin filaments, microtubles, and intermediate filaments |
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Term
| Describe actin filaments. |
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Definition
| two protein chains lossely twined, made up of actin, dynamic in nature, assemble and disassemble rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| bigger than microfilaments, composed of alpha and beta tubulin proteins subunits, form tubes, intracellular transport and seperation of chromosomes, dynamic in nature |
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Term
| Describe intermediate filaments. |
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Definition
| diameter between microfilaments and microtuble, not dynamic, stable, staggered tetramers of protein, cable-like |
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Term
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Definition
| barrel-shaped organelles, found near nulcelus, microtubal organizing center |
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Term
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Definition
| the region where centrioles are found |
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Term
| What are the four main functions of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| cell shape, cell division, anchor organelles, and cell movement |
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Term
| What are the four componets required to move material along microtubles? |
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Definition
1. a vesicle or organelle that is to be transported
2. a motor protein
3. a connector molecule
4. microtubles |
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Term
| What kind of cells exhibit the ability to "crawl?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Forward movement of the cell is best achieved through the action of what protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of structure do flagellum of eukaroytic cells have? |
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Definition
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Term
| fungi's cell walls are composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are plant's primary walls laid down? |
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Definition
| when the plant is still growing |
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Term
| Where can you find the middle lamella? |
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Definition
| between the walls of adjacent cells |
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Term
| what is the extracellular matrix made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is abudant in extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are most tissue-specific cell surface markers called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do tight junction do? |
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Definition
| holds cells together such that materials pass through but not between the cells |
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Term
| What are the three types of cell junctions? |
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Definition
| tight, anchoring, and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| allow the passage of small molecules between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| penetrate the cell wall and connect cells |
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