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| the relationship of some variable to the effects it produces |
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a subset of the population to be studied in which the researcher chooses a
sample of “clusters” (e.g., neighborhoods) and then surveys every person in the selected
clusters |
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variables that may be affecting the results of the study but which
haven’t been adequately accounted for |
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| an intensive reading of a random sample of certain “texts,” to be coded and then quantitatively analyzed |
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| the group in the experiment that will not experience the manipulation of the variable |
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| some relationship between two phenomena, but not necessarily that one causes the other |
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| formal and systematic information, organized and coherent |
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an approach researchers use when logically proceeding from one
demonstrable fact to the next and deducing results |
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| what gets measured in an experiment. It’s the change to the dependent variable that constitutes the results |
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| a perspective that constrains the researcher from becoming in any way involved in the event he or she is observing |
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| a field research method used most often by anthropologists when they study other cultures. Involves trying to understand the world from the point of view of the people whose lives are being studied |
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| a controlled form of observation in which one manipulates independent variables to observe their effects on a dependent variable |
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| the group that will have the change introduced to see what happens |
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| variables that may influence the outcome of an experiment but are not actually of interest to the researcher |
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| the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to other circumstances |
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| predicts a relationship between two variables, independent and dependent |
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| the event or item in your experiment that you will manipulate to see if that difference has an impact |
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an approach researchers use when it is necessary to study the
feelings of the research subjects. Involves reasoning from the specific to the general |
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| the most typical type of qualitative study, involving interviews with a small sample of respondents |
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| a scale for grading survey responses which arranges possible responses from lowest to highest |
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| a careful examination of all available research already done on a topic, or at least a systematic sample of that research, through a specific critical and theoretical lens |
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| research method that requires that the researcher both participate and observe, often including concealing their identity from the people being studied |
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| the ability to generate testable |
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a sample in which respondents are not selected randomly and are not
representative of the larger population but selected purposively—that is, each subject is
selected precisely because he or she possesses certain characteristics that are of interest to
the researcher |
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| methods that rely on inductive and inferential reasoning to understand the texture of social life, the actual felt experience of social interaction |
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: the use of powerful statistical tools to help understand patterns in which the behaviors, attitudes, or traits under study can be translated into numerical values.
Typically rely on deductive reasoning |
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a subset of the population to be studied chosen by an abstract and arbitrary
method |
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| a subset of the population to be studied |
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| reanalyzing data that has already been collected |
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| a subset of the population to be studied in which the researcher divides people into different groups before constructing the sample to make sure that he or she gets anadequate number of members of each of the groups |
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| a complex that people possess of individual perceptions, motivations, ideas, and really messy things like emotions |
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| the most common method sociologists use to collect information about attitudes and behaviors |
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| : a method that uses “intersubjective understanding,” or using your own abilities to see the world from another point of view |
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| social psychologist who conducted the infamous experiment to examine the limits of people’s obedience to authority |
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