Term
| Four Levels of Organization of Vertebrate Body |
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Definition
1) Cells
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Organ Systems |
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| Number of Types of Human Cells |
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Definition
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| Group of cells that are similar in structure and function |
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| Three fundamental embryonic tissues that cells of a growing embryo differentiate into. From inner layer to outer layer it is the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Endoderm goes to epithelial; mesoderm becomes epithelial, connective, and muscle; Ectoderm goes to epithelial and nerve. |
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| 4 Principal Adult Tissues |
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Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve |
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| Body structures composed of several different types of tissues that form a structural and functional unit. |
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| Group of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body. |
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| General Body Plan of Vertebrates |
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Definition
| Tube within a tube with internal support |
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Definition
| Forms within a bony skull and a column of bones known as the vertebrate (holds brain and spinal cord). |
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| Larger and extends anteriorly from the area bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column posteriorly to the area contained within the ventral body (abdominal) muscles and pelvic girdle. |
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Definition
| Upper part of ventral body cavity above diaphragm that holds the heart and lungs. |
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Definition
| Lower half under diaphragm contains many organs including stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, and urinary bladder. |
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Definition
| Fluid filled body cavity completely formed within the embryonic mesoderm layer of some animals (vertebrates included) |
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Definition
| In the abdominopelvic cavity this is the coelomic space. |
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Definition
| Thin space within mesodermal layers around the heart. |
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Definition
| Two thin spaces around the lungs |
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Definition
| Covers every surface of the vertebrate body. Provides barrier that allows the passage of substances and doesn't for others. |
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Definition
| Possesses remarkable regenerative powers and constantly replaces its cells throughout the life of an animal. I.E. Stomach, Liver, and Epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| Secured side of epithelium |
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Definition
Free side of the epithelium
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Term
| Two Classes of Epithelial Membranes |
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Definition
Simple- Single Layer of Cells
Stratified- Multiple Layer of Cells
Broken further down into Squamous (Flat), Cuboidal (As wide as they are tall), Columnar (Taller than wide). |
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Term
| Simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| Flattened shape when viewed in cross section. |
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Definition
| Dutless gland that secretes hormones into the extracellular spaces, from which they diffuse into the circulatory system. |
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Definition
| Type of gland that releases its secretion through a duct, such as a digestive gland or a sweat gland. |
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Definition
| Has an upper layer of dead squamous cells and is filled with a water-resistant called keratin. |
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Definition
| Derived from embryonic mesoderm and occurs in many different forms. All have abundant extracellular material because of widely spaced cells. |
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Definition
| Divide into loose (large amount of ground substance) and dense (tightly packed protein fibers, fewer cells) connective tissues |
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Term
| Special Connective Tissues |
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Definition
| Include cartilage, bone, and blood |
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Definition
| Abundant extracellular material in connective tissue. Crystals in bones to make them hard, plasma in blood. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance. |
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Definition
| The fluid material between cells and fibers containing a diverse array of proteins and polysaccharides. |
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Definition
| Consists of cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance |
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Definition
| More commonly termed fat cells, are important for nutrient storage, and they also occur in loose connection tissue. |
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Definition
| Large group of adipose cells, typically under the skin, in bone marrow, and around the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Less ground around substance and contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue. |
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Term
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Line up in parallel, like strands of rope. (Structure of tendons and ligaments) |
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Term
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Have multiple orientations to package organs, and also cover muscle, nerves, and bones. |
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Definition
| Specialized connective tissue in which the ground substance forms from a characteristic type of glycoprotein, called chondroitin, and collagen fibers laid down along lines of stress in long, parallel arrays. Has tensile strength. |
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| Where the cells of cartilage live within the cartilage ground substance. |
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Definition
| Extracellular Matrix contains crystals of calcium phosphate. Blood vessels provide nutrients and remove wastes. Bone cells are called osteocytes. |
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Definition
| Tiny canals where osteocytes extend cytoplasmic processes toward neighboring osteocytes. |
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Definition
| Classified as connective tissue because it contains abundant extracellular material known as the fluid, plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelets (Type of bone marrow cell) |
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Term
| Simple Epithelium-Columnar |
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Definition
Location: Surface lining of stomach, intestines, and part of respiratory tract
Function: Thicker cell layer; proviides protection and functions in secretion and absorption. |
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Term
| Simple Epithelium-Cuboidal |
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Definition
Location: Lining of some glands, kidney tubules, covering of ovaries.
Function: Cells rich in specific transport channels; functions in secretion and absorption. |
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Definition
| Motors of the vertebrate body. Muscle cells are unique because of the abundance of myosin and actin filaments within them. These filaments are more organized which leads to better contraction. |
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Definition
| Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac |
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Definition
| Cells appear to have transverse stripes when viewed in longitudinal sections under the microscope. (Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle) |
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Definition
| Earliest form of muscle to evolve. Powers rhythmic involuntary contractions commanded by central nervous system. Occurs in organs and is also called visceral muscle. |
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Definition
| Usually attached to bones by tendons so that their contraction causes the bones to move at their joints. Powers walking, lifting, talking, and all other voluntary movements. |
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Definition
| Numerous, very long muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles. Have multiple nuclei. |
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Definition
| Cause muscle fibers to contract by means of highly ordered arrays of actin and myosin myofilaments. |
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Definition
| Consists of smaller, interconnected cells, each with a single nucleus. Promotes rapid spread of signal initiating contraction. |
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Definition
| Dark lines under microscope that appear between adjacent interconnections of cardiac muscle cells. |
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Definition
| Conduct information in the form of electrochemical signals. Cells include neurons and their supporting cells called neuroglia. |
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Definition
| Specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical events, or impulses. Consist of cell body, dendrites, and the axon. |
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| Thin, highly branched extensions that receive incoming stimulation and conduct electrical impulses to the cell body. |
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| Single extension of the cytoplasm that conducts impulses away from the cell body. |
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Definition
| Do not conduct electrical impulses but instead support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons. |
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Definition
| Division of nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. Has the role of integration and interpretation of input, such as that form the senses. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Includes nerves and ganglia. Communicates signals to and from the CNS to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of axons in the PNS that are bundled together in much the same way as wires are bundled together in a cable. |
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Definition
| Collections of neuron cell bodies. |
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Term
| Simple Epithelium- Pseudostratified |
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Definition
Location: Lining of parts of respiratory tract
Function: Secretes mucus, dense with cilia that aid in movement of mucus; provides protection |
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Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
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Definition
Location: Outer layer of skin; lining of mouth
Function: Tough layer of cells; provides protection
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