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Chapter 43
The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation
68
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/09/2010

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Term
Four Levels of Organization of Vertebrate Body
Definition

1) Cells

2) Tissues

3) Organs

4) Organ Systems

Term
Number of Types of Human Cells
Definition
210
Term
Tissues
Definition
Group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Term
Germ Layers
Definition
Three fundamental embryonic tissues that cells of a growing embryo differentiate into. From inner layer to outer layer it is the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Endoderm goes to epithelial; mesoderm becomes epithelial, connective, and muscle; Ectoderm goes to epithelial and nerve. 
Term
4 Principal Adult Tissues
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve
Term
Organs
Definition
Body structures composed of several different types of tissues that form a structural and functional unit.
Term
Organ System
Definition
Group of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body.
Term
General Body Plan of Vertebrates
Definition
Tube within a tube with internal support
Term
Dorsal Body Cavity
Definition
Forms within a bony skull and a column of bones known as the vertebrate (holds brain and spinal cord).
Term
Ventral Body Cavity
Definition
Larger and extends anteriorly from the area bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column posteriorly to the area contained within the ventral body (abdominal) muscles and pelvic girdle. 
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
Upper part of ventral body cavity above diaphragm that holds the heart and lungs. 
Term
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Definition
Lower half under diaphragm contains many organs including stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, and urinary bladder. 
Term
Coelem
Definition
Fluid filled body cavity completely formed within the embryonic mesoderm layer of some animals (vertebrates included)
Term
Peritoneal Cavity
Definition
In the abdominopelvic cavity this is the coelomic space.
Term
Pericardial Cavity
Definition
Thin space within mesodermal layers around the heart.
Term
Pleural Cavities
Definition
Two thin spaces around the lungs
Term
Epithelium
Definition
Covers every surface of the vertebrate body. Provides barrier that allows the passage of substances and doesn't for others.
Term
Epithelial Regeneration
Definition
Possesses remarkable regenerative powers and constantly replaces its cells throughout the life of an animal. I.E. Stomach, Liver, and Epidermis
Term
Basal Surface
Definition
Secured side of epithelium
Term
Apical Surface
Definition

 

Free side of the epithelium

 

Term
Two Classes of Epithelial Membranes
Definition

Simple- Single Layer of Cells

Stratified- Multiple Layer of Cells 

Broken further down into Squamous (Flat), Cuboidal (As wide as they are tall), Columnar (Taller than wide).

Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
Flattened shape when viewed in cross section. 
Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
Dutless gland that secretes hormones into the extracellular spaces, from which they diffuse into the circulatory system. 
Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition
Type of gland that releases its secretion through a duct, such as a digestive gland or a sweat gland.
Term
Keratinized Protein
Definition
Has an upper layer of dead squamous cells and is filled with a water-resistant called keratin.
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Derived from embryonic mesoderm and occurs in many different forms. All have abundant extracellular material because of widely spaced cells.
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
Definition
Divide into loose (large amount of ground substance) and dense (tightly packed protein fibers, fewer cells) connective tissues
Term
Special Connective Tissues
Definition
Include cartilage, bone, and blood
Term
Matrix
Definition
Abundant extracellular material in connective tissue. Crystals in bones to make them hard, plasma in blood. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance.
Term
Ground Substance
Definition
The fluid material between cells and fibers containing a diverse array of proteins and polysaccharides.
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
Consists of cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance
Term
Adipose Cells
Definition
More commonly termed fat cells, are important for nutrient storage, and they also occur in loose connection tissue.
Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
Large group of adipose cells, typically under the skin, in bone marrow, and around the kidneys. 
Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
Less ground around substance and contains tightly packed collagen fibers, making it stronger than loose connective tissue.
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition
Line up in parallel, like strands of rope. (Structure of tendons and ligaments)
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Definition
Have multiple orientations to package organs, and also cover muscle, nerves, and bones.
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Specialized connective tissue in which the ground substance forms from a characteristic type of glycoprotein, called chondroitin, and collagen fibers laid down along lines of stress in long, parallel arrays. Has tensile strength.
Term
Chondrocytes
Definition
Cells of cartilage
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Where the cells of cartilage live within the cartilage ground substance.
Term
Bones
Definition
Extracellular Matrix contains crystals of calcium phosphate. Blood vessels provide nutrients and remove wastes. Bone cells are called osteocytes.
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
Tiny canals where osteocytes extend cytoplasmic processes toward neighboring osteocytes.
Term
Blood
Definition
Classified as connective tissue because it contains abundant extracellular material known as the fluid, plasma.
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
White Blood Cells
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Red Blood Cells
Term
Thrombocytes
Definition
Platelets (Type of bone marrow cell)
Term
Simple Epithelium-Columnar
Definition

Location: Surface lining of stomach, intestines, and part of respiratory tract

Function: Thicker cell layer; proviides protection and functions in secretion and absorption.

Term
Simple Epithelium-Cuboidal
Definition

Location: Lining of some glands, kidney tubules, covering of ovaries.

Function: Cells rich in specific transport channels; functions in secretion and absorption.

Term
Muscles
Definition
Motors of the vertebrate body. Muscle cells are unique because of the abundance of myosin and actin filaments within them. These filaments are more organized which leads to better contraction.
Term
Three Kinds of Muscle
Definition
Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac
Term
Striated Muscles
Definition
Cells appear to have transverse stripes when viewed in longitudinal sections under the microscope. (Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle)
Term
Smooth Muscle 
Definition
Earliest form of muscle to evolve. Powers rhythmic involuntary contractions commanded by central nervous system. Occurs in organs and is also called visceral muscle.
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Usually attached to bones by tendons so  that their contraction causes the bones to move at their joints. Powers walking, lifting, talking, and all other voluntary movements.
Term
Muscle Fibers
Definition
Numerous, very long muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles. Have multiple nuclei.
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
Cause muscle fibers to contract  by means of highly ordered arrays of actin and myosin myofilaments. 
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Consists of smaller, interconnected cells, each with a single nucleus. Promotes rapid spread of signal initiating contraction. 
Term
Intercalated Disks
Definition
Dark lines under microscope that appear between adjacent interconnections of cardiac muscle cells.
Term
Nerve Tissue
Definition
Conduct information in the form of electrochemical signals. Cells include neurons and their supporting cells called neuroglia.
Term
Neurons
Definition
Specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical events, or impulses. Consist of cell body, dendrites, and the axon.
Term
Cell body of Neuron
Definition
Contains the nucleus
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Thin, highly branched extensions that receive incoming stimulation and conduct electrical impulses to the cell body.
Term
Axon
Definition
Single extension of the cytoplasm that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
Do not conduct electrical impulses but instead support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons.
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Division of nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. Has the role of integration and interpretation of input, such as that form the senses.
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Includes nerves and ganglia. Communicates signals to and from the CNS to the rest of the body.
Term
Nerves
Definition
Consist  of axons in the PNS that are bundled together in much the same way as wires are bundled together in a cable.
Term
Ganglia
Definition
Collections of neuron cell bodies.
Term
Simple Epithelium- Pseudostratified
Definition

Location: Lining of parts of respiratory tract

Function: Secretes mucus, dense with cilia that aid in movement of mucus; provides protection

Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition

Location: Outer layer of skin; lining of mouth

Function: Tough layer of cells; provides protection

 

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