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| the geological era that began 1.8 million years ago, characterized by the frequent buildup and retreat of continental ice sheets. |
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| the record of fluctuations in global climate during the Pleistocene based on oxygen isotopes. |
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| a stone tool industry found on sites throughout Eurasia beginning in 500.000 years ago. The handaxe is the characteristic tool of this industry – there are almost no cleavers. |
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| a simple flake tool industry contemporary with the acheulian in england |
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| the reason why Asian acheulian assemblages didn’t have handaxes. |
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| a series of caves in longgu-shan, or dragon bone hill, outside of Beijing, china. Where the remains of more than forty homo erectus individuals and over 100.000 stone choppers and flakes were recovered. |
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| location in Germany where spears of wood that are 400.000 years old were found. |
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| unsure representation of a figurine. 230.000 years old, an incision was worked – possibly a neck? |
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| 300.000 complete remains of 27 hominins were recovered and only one tool – well-made quartz handaxe. Possibly the burial of victims of an ecological crisis. No evidence they were buried and about half have gnaw marks on them |
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| homo sapiens (modern humans) |
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Definition
| all living humans are members of this species. |
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| Homo sapiens neanderthalensis |
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| scientists believe that Neanderthals and people are so similar that Neanderthals were just a subspecies |
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| scientists believe Neanderthals were very distinctive and thus their own species |
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| Evolution of neanderthals |
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| (1) Neanderthals and AMH evolved separately from homo erectus (2) homo erectus -> homo antecessor -> the split into modern humans and Neanderthals (3) there was constant gene flow and they were members of the same species. |
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| the location that has produced the most recent Neanderthal fossil, dated to 30.000 years ago. |
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| the archaeological period during which neanderthals occupied europe. 300/250.000 - 50/30.000 |
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| : the dominant approach to tool manufacture during the middle paleolithic; a technique in which the person making the tools carefully shaped the core to control the form of the flakes produced. |
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| due to reshaping the process through which the shape of stone tools changes during their use-life |
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| : a particular prepared-core technology used during the middle paleolithic that can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise-shaped cores. |
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| the location on the jersey islands where evidence of neanderthals hunting mammoths by stampeding them off a cliff was found. |
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