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| 1st Cervical vertebra, etc. |
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| Degenerative Joint Disease |
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| 1st Lumbar vertebra, etc. |
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| 1st thoracic vertebra, etc. |
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| fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture (see - Figure 4.14B) |
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| common type of wrist fracture |
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| fracture in which bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments |
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| fracture in which skin has been broken through to fracture; also called open fracture |
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| fracture involving loss of height of vertebral body; |
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| fracture in which there is incomplete break; one side of bone is broken and other side is bent; this type of fracture is commonly found in children due to softer and more pliable bone structure |
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| fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other |
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| fracture at an angle to bone (see - Figure 4.16) |
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| fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone |
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| fracture in which fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; can be caused by twisting injury; |
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| slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than single forceful impact. |
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| complete fracture that is straight across bone at right angles to long axis of bone |
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| most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of long bones |
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| softening of bones caused by deficiency of calcium; in children cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D |
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| decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of bone with resulting fractures; bone becomes more porous, especially in spine and pelvis |
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| deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood; results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs |
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| inflammatory spinal condition; resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae; |
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| herniation or protrusion of intervertebral disk; |
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| also called herniated disk or ruptured disk |
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| abnormal lateral curvature of spine |
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| congenital anomaly; occurs when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord |
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| narrowing of spinal canal causing pressure on cord and nerves |
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| forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it |
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| bones in joint are displaced from their normal alignment; ends of bones are no longer in contact |
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| arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints, especially those bearing weight; results in bone rubbing against bone |
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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| chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; autoimmune disease |
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| damage to ligaments surrounding joint due to overstretching; no dislocation of joint or fracture of bone |
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| incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact |
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| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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| chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue; affects many systems including joints and arthritis; may be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis |
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| widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue |
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| inherited disease; progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, & atrophy |
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) |
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| repetitive motion disorder with pain caused by compression of finger flexor tendons & median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist |
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| cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle |
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| group of chronic disorders involving the tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage; disorder resulting from the tissue being subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements for prolonged periods |
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| damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching |
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| Movement away from midline |
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| Act of bending or being bent |
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| Movement that brings limb into or toward a straight condition |
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| Backward bending, as of hand or foot |
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| Bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward |
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| To turn downward or backward as with hand or foot |
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| Turning the palm or foot upward |
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| To raise body part, as in shrugging shoulders |
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| Downward movement, as in dropping the shoulders |
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| Movement in a circular direction from central point; imagine drawing large circle in air |
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| Moving thumb away from palm; ability to move thumb into contact with other fingers |
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| Moving around central axis |
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| mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing |
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| solid material to immobilize extremity as result of fracture, dislocation, or severe injury; |
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| noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together; also called crepitus. |
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| abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback; |
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| abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; also called swayback; |
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| branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of conditions of musculoskeletal system; also called orthopedic surgery; physician is orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon; name derived from straightening (orth/o) deformities in children ( ped/o) |
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| brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities; person skilled in making and adjusting orthotics is an orthotist |
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| healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs; professional is a podiatrist |
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| artificial device used as substitute for body part that is either congenitally missing or absent as result of accident or disease; example is artificial leg |
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| healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts; person skilled in making and adjusting prostheses is prosthetist |
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| scar tissue forming in fascia surrounding muscle, making it difficult to stretch muscle |
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| poor muscle development as result of muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly called muscle wasting |
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| abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to stretch muscle |
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| increase in muscle bulk as result of using it, as in lifting weights |
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| sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction |
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| partial or complete removal of limb for variety of reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, or infection |
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| X-ray of joint after injection of contrast medium into joint space |
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| performing surgical procedure while using arthroscope to view internal structure, such as joint |
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| examination of interior of joint by entering joint with arthroscope; |
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| piece of bone taken from patient used to take place of removed bone or bony defect at another site |
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| medicine procedure; patient is given radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bones; |
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| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) |
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| muscle contraction in response to stretch caused by striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; used to determine if muscles are responding properly |
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| study and record of strength and quality of muscle contractions as result of electrical stimulation |
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| procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it heals; external fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through the skin; internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires that are applied during an open reduction |
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| removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination |
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| X-ray of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus |
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| X-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints |
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| correcting fracture by realigning bone fragments; closed reduction is doing this manipulation without entering body; open reduction is process of making surgical incision at site of fracture to do reduction; necessary when bony fragments need to be removed or internal fixation such as plates or pins are required |
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| surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; may be done for several reasons, including correction for herniated disk |
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| surgical procedure to stabilize joint by anchoring down tendons of muscles that move joint |
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| total hip arthroplasty (THA) |
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| surgical reconstruction of hip by implanting prosthetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR) |
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| surgical reconstruction of knee joint by implanting prosthetic knee joint; also called total (TKA), knee replacement (TKR) |
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| applying pulling force on fractured or dislocated limb or vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment |
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| hormone form adrenal cortex—has strong anti-inflammatory properties |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) |
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| group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory properties |
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