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| study of the structure of an organism |
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| study of the functions an organism performs |
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| groups of cells with a common structure and function |
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| covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body |
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| dense mat of extracellular matrix |
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| absorb or secrete chemical solutions |
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| secretes mucus that lubricates the surface and keeps it moist |
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| Cuboidal (dice), columnar (bricks), squamous (tiles) |
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| bind and support other tissues |
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| binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holds organs in place |
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| secrete the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers |
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| amoeboid cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing bacteria and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis |
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| specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat |
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| Fibrous connective tissue |
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| dense, large number of collagenous fibers |
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| an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix of chondroitin sulfate |
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| secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate |
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| mineralized connective tissue |
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| microscopic structure of hard mammalian bones consists of repeating units |
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| composed of muscle fibers, composed of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses |
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| skeletal (striated) muscle |
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| responsible for voluntary movements |
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| contractile wall of the heart |
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| contract slower than skeletal, spindle-shaped, responsible for involuntary movements |
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| senses stimuli, transmits signals from one part of an animal to the other |
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| nerve cell, specialized to transmit nerve impulses |
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| organized tissue arranged in layers, usually with an epithelium |
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| sheets of connective tissue that suspend organs in vertebrates |
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| cavity housing the lungs, heart in mammals |
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| flow of energy through an animal that limits behavior, growth, reproduction and food needs |
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| sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a set period of time |
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| animals that maintain body temperatures with metabolic heat |
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| maintain heat through external sources, requires lesss energy than endotherms |
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| metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest |
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| metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm |
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| internal environment of vertebrates, exchanges nutrients and wastes with blood |
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| uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change when environment changes |
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| change in variable being watched triggers control mechanism to counteract further change |
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| change in variable triggers response to amplify change |
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| process by which animals maintain an internal temperature |
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| hair, feathers, fat layers that reduce flow of heat between environment and animal |
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| increase in diameter of superficial blood vessels near the body surface, warms the skin |
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| reduces blood flow and heat transfer |
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| countercurrent heat exchanger |
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| arrangement of blood vessels that reduces heat loss |
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| nonshivering thermogenesis |
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| hormones in mammals cause mitochondria to increase activity, produce heat instead of ATP |
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| fat in mammals specialized for rapid heat production |
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| response to a new range of environmental temperatures to adjust to new temperatures |
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| stress-induced proteins and heat-shock proteins |
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| cells that are produced in response to increased temperature |
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| state in which activity is low, metabolism decreases to deal with severe conditions |
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| long-term torpor to adapt to winter and food scarcity |
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| summer torpor, slow metabolism and inactivity |
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