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Chapter 4 Whole Body Terminology
Evangel University, Dr. Tenneson
81
Medical
Undergraduate 3
01/25/2012

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Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
the cavity beneath the thoracic cavity that is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm; contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys/
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
a term that describes the abdominal and pelvic cavity collectively; refers to the space between the diaphragm and the groin
Term
anaplasia
Definition
a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form.

an-ah-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
anatomical position
Definition
the standard reference position for the body as a whole: the person is standing with arms at the sides and palms turned forward; the individual's head and feet are also pointing forward
Term
anterior
Definition
pertaining to the front of the body or toward the belly of the body
Term
aplasia
Definition
a developmental failure resulting in the absence of any organ or tissue

ah-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
the muscle that makes up the muscular wall of the heart.
Term
caudal
Definition
pertaining to the tail

KAWD-al
Term
cell
Definition
the smallest and most numerous structural unit of living matter
Term
cell membrane
Definition
the semipermeable barrier that is the outer covering of a cell
Term
cervical vertebrae
Definition
the first seven segments of the spinal column; identified as C1 through C7

SER-vic-al VER-teh-bray
Term
chromosomes
Definition
the threadlike structures within the nucleus that control the functions of growth, repair, and reproduction for the body.

KROH-moh-sohm
Term
coccyx
Definition
the tailbone. located at the end of the vertebral column, the coccyx results from the fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child

COCK-siks
Term
connective tissue
Definition
tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts.
Term
cranial
Definition
pertaining to the skull or cranium

KRAY-nee-al
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
the cavity that contains the brain
Term
cytology
Definition
the study of cells
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
a gel-like substance that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. the cytoplasm contains cell organs, called organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell.

SIGH-toh-plazm
Term
deep
Definition
away from the surface and toward the inside of the body
Term
distal
Definition
away from or farthest from the trunk of the body or farthest from the point of origin of a body part
Term
dorsal
Definition
pertaining to the back
Term
dorsum
Definition
the back or posterior surface of a part;
in the foot, the tope of the foot
Term
dysplasia
Definition
any abnormal development of tissues or organs

dis-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
epigastric region
Definition
the region of the abdomen located between the right and left hypochondriac regions in the upper section of the abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the ribs

ep-ih-GAS-trik REE-jun
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
the tissue that covers the internal and external organs fo the body; it also lines the vessels, body cavities, glands, and body organs

ep-ih-THEE-lee-al TISH-yoo
Term
frontal plane
Definition
any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes and dividing the body into front and back portions.
Term
genes
Definition
segments of chromosomes that transmit hereditary characteristics
Term
histologist
Definition
a medical scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

hiss-TALL-oh-jist
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
an increase in the number of cells of a body part

high-per-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
hypochondriac region
Definition
the right and left regions of the upper abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs; located on either side of the epigastric region

high-poh-KON-dree-ak REE-jun
Term
hypogastric region
Definition
the middle section of the lower abdomen, beneath the umbilical region

high-poh-GAS-trik REE-jun
Term
hypoplasia
Definition
incomplete or underdeveloped organ or tissue, usually the result of a decrease in the number of cells.

high-poh-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
inferior
Definition
below or downward toward the tail or feet
Term
inguinal region
Definition
the right and left regions of the lower section of the abdomen; also called the iliac region

ING-gwih-nal
Term
intervertebral discs
Definition
a flat, circular, plate-lie structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion (or shock absorber) between the vertebrae

in-ter-VER-teh-bral disc
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side of the body, away from the midline fo the bod
Term
long axis
Definition
the long axis of the body; the imaginary line created by directing a vertical line through the middle of the body from the top of the head to a space equidistant between the feet; essentially the midline of the body
Term
lumbar region
Definition
the right and left regions of the middle section of the abdomen
Term
lumbar vertebrae
Definition
the largest and strongest of the vertebrae of the spinal column, located in the lower back. the lumbar vertebrae consist of five large segments of the movable part of the spinal column; identified as L1 through L5
Term
lysosomes
Definition
organelles that contain various types of enzymes that function in intracellular digestions. lsyosomes destroy bacteria by digesting them

LIGH-soh-sohmz
Term
McBurney's point
Definition
a point on the right side of the abdomen, about 2/3 of the distance between the umbilical and the anterior bony prominence of the hip. (closer to the hip)
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline of the body

MEE-dee-al
Term
mediolateral
Definition
pertaining to the middle and side of a structure

MEE-dee-oh-LAT-er-al
Term
membrane
Definition
a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space, such as the abdominal membrane that lines the abdominal wall.
Term
midline of the body
Definition
the imaginary "line" created when the body is divided into equal right and left halves
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
the plane that divides the body (or a structure) into right and left equal portions

mid-SAJ-ih-tal
Term
mitochondria
Definition
organelles which provides the energy needed by the cell to carry on its essential functions

my-toh-KON-dree-ah
Term
Munro's point
Definition
a point on the left side of the abdomen, about halfway between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip

mun-ROHZ
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
the tissue capable of producing movement of the parts and organs of the body by contracting and relaxing itss fibers
Term
navel
Definition
the umbilicus, the belly button

NAY-vel
Term
neoplasia
Definition
the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant

nee-oh-PLAY-zee-ah
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
tissue that transmits impulses throughout the body, thereby activating coordinating, and controlling the many functions of the body
Term
nucleus
Definition
the central controlling body within a living cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane

NOO-klee-us
Term
organ
Definition
tissues arranged together to perform a special function
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
the lower front cavity of the body, located beneath the abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Term
peritoneum
Definition
a specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera

pair-ih-toh-NEE-um
Term
plane
Definition
imaginary slices (or cuts) made through the body as if a dividing sheet were passed through the body at a particular angle and in a particular direction, permitting a view from a different angle
Term
plantar
Definition
pertaining to the sole or bottom of the foot

PLANT-ar
Term
posterior
Definition
pertaining to the back of the body

poss-TEE-ree-or
Term
pronation
Definition
a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn downward and backward

proh-NAY-shun
Term
prone
Definition
lying facedown on the abdomen

PROHN
Term
proximal
Definition
toward or nearest to the trunk of the body or nearest to the point of origin of a body part

PROK-sim-al
Term
ribosomes
Definition
organelles that synthesize proteins; often called the cell's "protein factoreis"

RYE-boh-sohmz
Term
sacrum
Definition
the singular triangular-shaped bone that results from the fusion of the five individual sacral bones of the child

SAY-krum
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
muscle that is attached to bone and is responsible for the movement of the skeleton

SKELL-eh-tal
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
muscle found in the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body such as the stomach and intestines
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
the cavity that contains the nerves of the spinal cord; also known as the spinal canal
Term
superficial
Definition
pertaining to the surface of the body or near the surface
Term
superior
Definition
above or upward toward the head
Term
supination
Definition
a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn upward or forward

soo-pin-AY-shun
Term
supine
Definition
lying horizontally on the back, faceup

soo-PINE
Term
system
Definition
organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body as a whole
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the chest cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

tho-RASS-ik
Term
thoracic vertebrae
Definition
the 2nd segment of 12 vertebrae that make up the vertebral bones of the chest; identified as T1 through T12

tho-RASS-ik
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of cells that performs specialized functions
Term
transverse plane
Definition
any of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

trans-VERS
Term
umbilical region
Definition
the region of the abdomen located in the middle section of the abdomen, between the right and left lumbar regions and directly beneath the epigastric region
Term
umbilicus
Definition
the navel, also called the belly button
Term
ventral
Definition
pertaining to the front; belly side
Term
visceral
Definition
pertaining to the internal organs
Term
visceral muscle
Definition
see smooth muscle
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