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Chapter 4 Language Sharing Meaning with Words
Chapter 4 Rothwell Book Third Edition
34
Communication
Undergraduate 1
05/01/2010

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Term
Language
Definition
Is a structured system of symbols for communicating meaning
Term
Grammar
Definition
Is the set of rules that specify how the units of language can be meaningfully combined
Term
Phonemes
Definition

Individual units of sound that compose a specific spoken language

 

Term
Phonology
Definition
Is a part of grammar that describes the patterns of sound in a language
Term
Morpheme
Definition
Is the smalles unit of meaning in language
Term
Morphology
Definition
Is the part of grammar that describes how morphemes are constructed
Term
Syntax
Definition
Rules that govern combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences
Term
Semantics
Definition
Is the set of rules that governs the meaning of words and sentences
Term
Symbols
Definition
Are arbitrary representations of objects,events, ideas, or relationships
Term
Referents
Definition
The objects, events, ideas, or relationships referred to by the words
Term
Lexicon
Definition
Total vocabulary of a language
Term
Productivity
Definition
Capacity of language to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases, and sentences that you require to communicate your abundance of thoughts and feelings
Term
Displacement
Definition
Ability to use language to talk about objects, ideas, events, and relations that don't just exist in the physical here and now
Term
Seld-Reflexive
Definition
Ability to use language to talk about language
Term
Abstracting
Definition
The process whereby we formulate increasingly vague conceptions of our world by leaving out details associated with objects, events, and ideas
Term
Descriptions
Definition
Verbal reports that sketch what we perceive from our senses
Term
Inferences
Definition
Are conclusions about the unknown based on the known
Term
Judgments
Definition
Subjective evaluations of objects, events or ideas
Term
Sapir-Worf hypothesis
Definition
Claim that we are either prisoners of our native language, unable to think certain thoughts or perceive in certain ways (linguistic determinism) or that our language powerfully influences but does not imprison our thinking and perceptions (linguistic relativity)
Term
Masculine-Generic Gender References
Definition
Use of masculine nouns and pronouns to include references to both men and men
Term
Signal Reaction
Definition
Automatic, emotional response to a symbol
Term
Connotation
Definition
Personal meaning, tge volatile, individual, subjective meaning of a word
Term
Denotation
Definition
Shared meaning, objective meaning of words commonly agreed to by members of speech community and usually found in a dictionary
Term
Semantic Reaction
Definition
Delayed, thoughtful response that seeks to decepher the user's intended meaning of a word, thus short-circuiting a behavioral response to the hair-trigger emotional reaction
Term
Framing
Definition
The influence wording has on our perception of choices
Term
False dichotomy
Definition
Using either-or language to frame a choice as though only two opposing possibilities exist when at least a third option is clearing available
Term
Label
Definition
A name or description word or phrase
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
Grounds a label by specifying which measurable behaviors or experiences are subsumed under the label, and which are ruled out
Term
Dead-level Abstracting
Definition
Refers to the practice of remaining stuch at one level of abstraction
Term
By-passing
Definition
When you assume that everyone assigns the the same meaning to a word, without checking to see if it is true
Term
Inferential Error
Definition
A mistaken conclustion that results from the assumption that inferences are factual desciptions of reality instead of interpretations of varying accuracy made by individuals
Term
Jargon
Definition
Specialized Language of profession, trade, or group
Term
Euphemism
Definition
Form of linguistic novocain whereby word choices numb us to or camouflage unpleasant or offensive realities
Term
Slang
Definition
Highly informal words not in standard usage that are used by a group with a common interest
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