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| consists of the medulla, the pons, the cerebellum, and part of the brainstem |
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| controls vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing through the cranial nerves; damage often fatal |
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| control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs; some have motor and sensory output and some just have one or the other; 12 pairs connect the receptors and muscles of the head and organs to the brain |
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| the location where axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side |
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| descending portion is one of several brain areas that controls the motor areas of the spinal cord, while the ascending portion sends output to the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention |
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| sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli |
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| important for control of movement, as well as shifting attention between auditory and visual information, and timing |
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| consists of the tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra |
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| the "roof" of the midbrain |
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| includes the nuclei for the third and fourth cranial nerves, parts of the reticular formation, and extensions of the pathways between the forebrain and the spinal cord or hindbrain |
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| gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement |
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| important for visual processing |
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| important for auditory processing |
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| consists of the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the basal forebrain |
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| most sensory information first goes through this, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex (exception is olfactory information which goes from the olfactory receptors to the bulbs and then to the cerebral cortex); many nuclei of thalamus receive information from a sensory system and transmits that type of information to a single area of the cerebral cortex which then sends information back to the thalamus, focusing attention on particular stimuli |
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| partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, it conveys messages to the pituitary glands altering the release of hormones; damage leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level |
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| an endocrine (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk that contains neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue that takes messages from the hypothalamus, and synthesizes and releases hormones into the bloodstream and get carried to other organs |
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| consists of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus; connection most abundant with the frontal areas of cortex (responsible for planning sequinces of behavior and for certain aspects of memory and emotional expression) |
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| Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease |
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Definition
| the basal ganglia deteriorate resulting in impaired movement, depression and deficits of memory, reasoning , and attention |
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| recieves input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex; key part of brain's system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention; Parkinson's and Alzheimer's patients have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis |
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| critical for storing certain kinds of memories; damage causes trouble storing new memories, but do not lose old ones |
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| a fluid-filled cavity in the spinal cord |
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| four fluid filled cavities within the brain; go around the thalamus |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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| a clear fluid similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricles, flowing from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, from which some flows into the central canal of the spinal cord, but most of it goes into the narrow spaces between the brain and meninges therefore cushioning and protecting the brain, while also providing buoyancy, and a supply of hormones and nutrition for the brain |
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| thin membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; meningitis is the inflammation of these |
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| cells inside the four ventricles that produce CSF |
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| the cells of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| the cells axons extending inward |
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| Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure |
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Definition
| two bundles of axons that allow neurons from one hemisphere to communicate with neurons from the corresponding part of the other hemisphere |
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Definition
| layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers; thicker in some areas of the cortex than others and some may be absent from some parts |
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| mostly dendrites and long axons |
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| External Granular Layer II |
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| Internal Granular Layer IV |
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| small cells; main site for incoming sensory information |
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| large pyramidal cells; main source of motor output |
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| Multiform Layer VIa & VIb |
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| cells organized into columns perpendicular to the laminae that have similar properties to eachother |
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| the main target for visual information |
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| normal eyes, normal pupilary reflexes, and some eye movement, but no pattern perception or visual imagery in the related part of the visual field due to destruction of that part of the striate cortex (primary visual cortex) |
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| monitors all information about eye, head, and body position and passes it on to brain areas that control movement (spatial information) and also numerical information |
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| Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex) |
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Definition
| the main target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch and joint receptors; has four layers of cells (two receive light and touch info, one receives deep-pressure info, and one receives a combination of both) |
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| the primary target for auditory information; left temporal lobe essential for understanding spoken language; contributes to complex aspects of vision, including recognition of faces; plays a part in emotional behaviors |
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| previously wild and aggressive monkeys failed to show normal fears and desires after damage to the temporal lobe |
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| contains the prefrontal cortex and precentral gyrus |
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| specialized for control of fine movement |
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| not the primary target for a specific type of sensory info, but receives information from all of them; dendrites have up to as many as 16X as many spines as neurons in other areas, so it integrates a large amount of information |
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| a stimulus appears briefly, and the individual must respond to the remembered stimulus after a brief delay; prefrontal cortex important for this |
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Definition
| the question of how various brain areas produce a perception of a single object through perceiving sensory information as happening at the same time |
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| computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) |
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Definition
| a dye is injected into the subjects blood and their head is placed into a CT scanner where X-rays are then passed through the head to detect tremors and other structural abnormalities |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| applies a powerful magnetic field to align all of the axes of rotation and tilts them and tilts them with a brief radio field, which when turned off, the atomic nuclei release electromagnetic energy as they relax and return to their original positions; by measuring that picture it creates an image of the brain with anatomical detail as small as one millimeter |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| applies a powerful magnetic field to align all of the axes of rotation and tilts them and tilts them with a brief radio field, which when turned off, the atomic nuclei release electromagnetic energy as they relax and return to their original positions; by measuring that picture it creates an image of the brain with anatomical detail as small as one millimeter |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes that measure the average activity at any moment for the population of cells under the electrode ranging from just a few to over a hundred |
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