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Chapter 4-7
N/A
70
Geography
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2009

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Term
first nature
Definition
untouched, pristine nature
Term
second nature
Definition
environments modified by humans ex. MOST of world, cities, farms
Term
I=PAT
Definition
I = Impact P = population A = affluence (measured by per capita income) T = technology factor suggests a level of affluence households play an important role in their impact on global environment
Term
Rachel Carson
Definition
wrote Silent Spring...about pesticides use especially DDT. She was the first person to document link between DDT and cancer
Term
Technology
Definition
Defined as.. -physical objects or artifacts (the plow) -activites or processes (steelmaking) -knowledge or know-how (biological engineering) affects environment by... -through harvesting of resources -emission of wastes in manufacturing of goods/services -emission of wastes in consumption of good/services
Term
cultural ecology
Definition
study of how human society has adapted to environmental challenges through technological and human adaptations
Term
politcal ecology
Definition
places cultural economy in wider context, instead of looking at how ideas shape evironmental practices, it looks at how governments and market forces impact things liker resources
Term
environmental justice
Definition
concept held that people should not be exposed to a disproportionate amount of environmental hazards because of their race, class, gender, nationality, or any other factor -environmental goods (clean air, water) ar ea fundamental human right
Term
Newton Florist Club
Definition
a group of black women who served as community grievers by bringing flowers ot people -began noticing people dying of same causes -door to door informal survey -town built on top of landfill (toxic waste site)
Term
spatial fix
Definition
refers to the idea that issues/problems can be temporarily "solved" by moving them around ex. moving polluting industry to Asia may help solve problem of clean air in Europe but it does not ultimately solve planets pollution
Term
externality
Definition
refers to a situation in which the impact of a transaction is borne by 3rd party not involved in transaction ex. positive -> neighbor fixes his house so it increases the price of your house
Term
e-waste
Definition
demonstrates how globalization and environment are linked by examining the production, consumption, and disposal of consumer electronics
Term
cathode ray tubes
Definition
4-8 pounds of lead; toxic to kidney, nervous/reproductive systems, inhibit mental development of young kids
Term
planned obsolescence
Definition
"designed for the dump"...things are made to break ex. cell phone upgrades, can't replace ipod battery
Term
Moore's Law
Definition
chip speed will double every 18 months
Term
perceived obsolescence
Definition
perception that something is out of date/style even if it still works
Term
Basel Ban
Definition
bans export of hazardous wastes from rich to poor countries
Term
extended producer responsibilty
Definition
requires continuing responsibility/accountablity on producers over the entire life cycle of their products; "take back" -- by making producers financially responsible for end-of-life waste management, producers will have financial incentive to design their products with less hazardous and more recyclabe materials
Term
social production of nature
Definition
used to describe the refashioning of landscapes and species by human activity, especially capitalist production and labor processes
Term
conservation
Definition
natural resources should be used wisely and humans should serve as stewards, not explorers,of the natural world
Term
preservation
Definition
certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off limits to human use regardless of whether use maintains or depletes the resources in question
Term
culture
Definition
culture as a shared set of meanings that are lievd through the material and symbolic practices of life ex. values, beliefs, religion, family
Term
cultural geography
Definition
focuses on the ways in which space, place, and landscapes shape culture AND the ways in which culture shapes space, place, and landscape ...ever-changing process; dynamic
Term
"Pink Spending"
Definition
LGBT groups now recognized as powerful economic force, shapes geography of places when businesses cater to that lifestyle...San Francisco vs. Disney World for gays
Term
gender performance
Definition
gender isnt something that we just are; it's something we do
Term
race
Definition

no genetic base; not on charactersistic trait -distinguishes one from another -> skin color NOT race, race is an idea not social construction

problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics

Term
sexuality
Definition
set of practices and identities that a given culture considers related to each other and to those things it considers sexual acts and desires
Term
racialization
Definition
the practice of creating unequal castes where whiteness is considered the norm or unexceptional
Term
gender
Definition
category reflecting the social differences between men and women; implies socially created difference in power
Term
ethnicity
Definition
socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or percieved obsolescence commonalities, such as language or religion
Term
Robert Moses
Definition
most powerful man in NY in the 1920's, he was responsible for shape of NY. He favored the development of highways over public transportation and he created the modern suburb with high rise towers of homes
Term
Cross Bronx Expressway
Definition
"white flight" to suburbs; urban renewal or "negro removal" moves poor into Bronx -jobs and population gone, leaving isolated and disadvantageous population **makes Manhatten powerful wealth center** ..the displaced poor move ot public housing in Bronx and projects are isolated from main roads
Term
The Bronx is Burning
Definition
1970's arsen...stop paying taxes and cut off heat/water. right before kicked out of house, burn down the place to get the insurance money
Term
benign neglect
Definition
withdraw services to make conditions bad and make people move
Term
"represent"
Definition
youth gangs in S. Bronx; protect neighborhood because no police
Term
Afrika Bambaata
Definition
formed Zulu nation; made gangs positive cultural groups through music
Term
The Block party
Definition
idea from Jamaica. gangs would come together and have DJ's play music, breakdance, toasters..
Term
DJ Kool Herc
Definition
began playing "the breaks" on records
Term
"the breaks"
Definition
the part of a song that might have just the rhythm secion on a "breakdown", breakdancing and rapping were spawned by the discovery of "breaks"
Term
"the toaster"
Definition
Jamaican artists were the immediate precursers to American rappers
Term
The 4 Elements
Definition
DJing, rapping/"toasting", breakdancing, graffiti
Term
"all city"
Definition
STYLE..meant getting your graffiti to run on a trian that went to all parts of NY
Term
landscape-as-text
Definition
like a book, landscape can be read and written by groups and individuals; landscapes do not come ready-made with labels on them, rather there are "writers" who produce landscapes and give them meaning and there are "readers" who consume the messages embbedded in them
Term
semiotics
Definition
the pracice of writing and reading signs
Term
territoriality
Definition
making claims to space; refers to the persistent attachement of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory. source of physical safety and security,
Term
Atlanta Committee for Olympic Games (ACOG)
Definition
public/private partnership between city and corporations to get Olympics to Atlanta; not democratic organization because didnt have to lsiten ot public; responsible for making Atlanta "international"
Term
1996 Atlanta Olympics and Homelessness
Definition
Centennial Olympic stadium in Summerhill/Peoplestown Neighborhoods...took place of low-income but economically vital space that also contained a large portion of Atlanta's homeless shelter space
-busing of homeless from city, illegally jailing, pre-printed tickets
Term
Tent City Athens
Definition
build madhousers, build homeless shelters where homeless already live
Term
primary activities
Definition
Resource extraction; agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry -basic extraction of nat’l resources
Term
secondary activities
Definition
manufacturing and processing; textiles, food processing, auto assembly -processing of these nat’l resources, manufacturing and processing, food processing, making steel, textiles, furniture making..turning raw materials into manufactured goods
Term
tertiary activities
Definition
Sales and services; warehousing, retail, accounting, advertising
-how we take manufacturing products and get them tell..sell of primary and secondary
Term
quaternary activities
Definition
Knowledge and information; finance, banking, technology -research, data management, computers, high tech economy, management of all other activities
Term
geographical or international division of labor
Definition
diff. regions specialize in certain types of economic activity -peripheral countries..primary activity exception = oil, saudi arabia..but very wealthy! Higher GDP tend to be semi peripheral, secondary activities Highest GDP = core country, tertairy and quaternary activities
Term
newly industrializing countries (NIC's)
Definition
countries, formerly peripheral within the world-system, that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through direct foreign investment
Term
trading blocs
Definition
groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements with most of the world's trad taking place within four trading blocs
Term
economic development
Definition
refers to processes of change involving the nature and composition of the economy. These processes can involve three types of changes: Changes in the structure of the regions’ economy (ex. from agriculture to manufacturing) Changes in forms of economic organization within the region (ex. Capitalism to socialism) Changes in the availability and use of technology within the region.
Term
gross domestic product
Definition
value of all of the goods produced within a country in one year
Term
gross national income
Definition
better indicator, value of all good produced within a country in one year and value of good produced outside of country, take GDP and value of ex. Every that ford made, am. Corps that do things in other parts of world ..add on.
Term
debt trap
Definition
the syndrome of having constantly to borrow in order to fund "development"
Term
developmentalism
Definition
According to Walt Rostow’s view, now regarded as overly simplistic, places and regions can be seen as following parallel courses within a world that is steadily modernizing.
Term
dependency theory
Definition
claims that the prosperity of the core countries is in fact based on the underdevelopment of and poverty of peripheral countries ..argues that development and underdevelopment are opposite sides of the same coin, winners and losers
Term
initial advantage
Definition
highlights the importance of early start in economic development
Term
cumulative causation
Definition
the spiraling buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies
Term
deindustrialization
Definition
involved a relative decline in industrial employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to lower levels of profitability
Term
creative destruction
Definition
involves the withdrawal of investments from low profit regions and the reinvestment in new more profitable activities and regions. capitalism must sometimes destroy what it has created in order to free up capital for further investment
Term
fordism
Definition
MASS PRODUCTION/CONSUMPTION assembly line technique, pay workers enough $ so they can buy the cars, high wages = big spenders
Term
external economies
Definition
upwards spiral of development. existing labor markets. has to do with location not something the firm is doing itself.
Term
localization economy
Definition
firms that cluster together at a certain location or region save money by capitalizing on existing markets, workers, and social infrastructure
Term
agglomeration
Definition
clustering of certain types of economic activity draws in related industries
Term
nature
Definition
social creation as much as it is the physical universe that includes human beings..not only an object, reflection of society's beliefs
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