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Definition
law-violating behavior is seen as an event that occurs when an offender decides to risk breaking the law after considering
personal factors (money, revenge, thrills)
situational factors (protected target, local police effectivness) |
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Term
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Definition
| trying to discourage everyone in society from engaging in crime through fear of punishment. |
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Term
| specific detterence (special or particular deterrence) |
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Definition
| holds that particular offenders are known "caught" should be punished severly so that they will not repeat their illegal acts. secure incarceration or detention over minor sanctions |
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Term
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Definition
biological traits, present at birth, which were seen to predetermine whether or not people became criminal
stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect the perception & learning of social behaviors, which is linked with existing environmental structures.
* It assumes genetic makeup contributes significantly to human behavior
* Modern trait theory tends to reject the traditional assumptions that all persons are born with an equal potential to learn and achieve (equipotentiality), and that thereafter behavior is controlled by social forces.
* Biosocial theorists argue that no two people are alike (with rare exceptions, such as identical twins) |
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| example of Biosocial view: Biochemical factors |
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Definition
Diet and Crime- Excessive amounts of harmful substances such as dyes and artificial food colors, or other additives can lead to: hostile, impulsive and other antisocial behaviors.
Other deficiencies in diet such as B vitamins, vitamin C or Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids) can lead to: fighting, depression, poor school performance and violent antisocial behavior.
Sugar and Crime--In some research, diets high in sugar and carbohydrates have been linked with attention span deficiencies, as well as violence and aggression. Other research has questioned these findings however and shown little effect for sugar consumption or reverse findings where sugar intake reduces violent tendencies. |
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Term
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Definition
*view that criminal behavior is psychological in origin
*argue that such behavior reflects underlying psychological problems or personality defects, or is a function of emotional or mental disturbance.
*interested in the association of intelligence, personality, and learning to crime.
Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theory
Behavioral Theory
Cognitive Theory |
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| example of psychological theory |
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Definition
early view that linked low IQ to criminality & delinquency
and that low IQ increases the chances for crime due to its influence on school performance
*that is, low intelligence leads to poor school performance which leads to delinquency and crime |
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Term
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Definition
violence which is expressive, that is it serves to vent rage, anger, or frustration; in legal terms, the heat of passion.
e.g., more common for homicides, vandalism by youth, Columbine H.S. mass murders, many workplace murders |
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Term
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Definition
a subculture with separate norms and values from mainstream society, emphasis on violence in lifestyle, socialization, and interpersonal interactions.
gangs where violence is a core value |
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Term
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Definition
| defined at common law as, “the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.” |
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Term
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Definition
| when sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging built-up anger and rage; often brutal, aims to hurt the victim (55%) |
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| involves an attacker who does not want to harm his victim as much as he wants to possess her sexually; sexual conquest as goal (40%) |
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Definition
| involves both sexuality and aggression; may torture, bind victim, abuse, humiliation (5%) |
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Definition
| A person who kills another human being while committing or attempting to commit |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who recklessly kills another human being commits |
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