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Chapter 3 - Vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
163
Medical
Undergraduate 1
09/06/2012

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Term
Periosteum
Definition
the tough,fibrous, tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
Term
Spongy Bone or Cancellous Bone
Definition
lighter and not as strong as compact bone; usually found at the ends and inner portions of long bones.
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone; red and yellow bone marrow stored here
Term
Endosteum
Definition
the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
located within spongy bone; a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
a fat storage area; composed mainly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones
Term
Cartilage
Definition
the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones; also makes up the more elastic parts of the body like the ear and the nose
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints; makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing up against each other
Term
Meniscus
Definition
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints Ex: the knee
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
the shaft of a long bone
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
the wider ends of the long bones such as the femurs of the legs; each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it
Term
Foramen
Definition
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Term
Pubic Symphasis
Definition
allows some movement to allow childbirth; located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
created where to bones articulate (come together) to permit a variety of motions
1. Ball and Socket Joints
2.Hinge Joints
Term
Synovial Capsule
Definition
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
Term
Ligaments
Definition
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone by joining a bone to cartilage
Term
Bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consists of 80 bones organized into five parts:
1. Bones of the Skull
2. Ossicles of the middle ear
3. the hyoid bone
4. the rib cage
5. the vertebral column
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Consist of 126 bones that are organized into:
1. Upper extremities (anything on the arm)
2. Lower extremities (anything on the legs)
Term
Skull
Definition
consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 18 es that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear.
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. Houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball
Term
Parietal Bones
Definition
two of the largest bones of the skull. Form the roof and upper sides of the cranium
Term
Occipatal Bone
Definition
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
Term
Temporal Bones
Definition
two; forms the sides and base of the cranium
Term
External Auditory Meatus
Definition
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. Located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull
Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull; helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the sockets
Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
a light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain, also forms a portion of each orbit
Term
Auditory Ossicles
Definition
three tiny bones located in each middle ear
Term
Nasal Bones
Definition
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Term
Zygomatic Bones
Definition
Cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
Term
Maxillary Bones
Definition
form most of the upper jaw; also known as Maxillae
Term
Palatine Bones
Definition
two; form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
Term
Lacrimal Bones
Definition
two; make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
Term
Inferior Conchae
Definition
the thin scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
Term
Vomer Bone
Definition
forms the base of the nasal septum; nasal septum is the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
Term
Mandible
Definition
Jawbone; only movable bone of the skull; attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint
Term
Temporomandibular Joint
Definition
joint that connects the mandible to the skull
Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
Rib Cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms
Term
Ribs
Definition
12 pairs; attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
Term
Sternum
Definition
Breast Bone;a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. by joining with the rib cage. Divided into three parts:
1.Manubrium
2.Body of the sternum
3.Xiphoid Process
Term
Manubrium
Definition
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
Term
Body of the Sternum
Definition
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
Term
Xiphoid Process
Definition
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
formed by the shoulders; supports the arms and hands
Term
Clavicle
Definition
Collar Bone; a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
Term
Scapula
Definition
Shoulder Blade
Term
Acromion
Definition
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
Term
Humerus
Definition
the bone of the upper arm
Term
Humerus
Definition
the bone of the upper arm
Term
Radius
Definition
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; runs up the thumbside
Term
Ulna
Definition
the larger and longer bone of the forearm; connects with the humerus to form the elbow
Term
Olecranon Process
Definition
Funny Bone; a large projection on the upper end of the ulna
Term
Carpals
Definition
Eight of them; form the wrist; also form the carpal tunnel through which the median nerve and tendons of the fingers pass through
Term
Metacarpals
Definition
five of them; form the palm of the hand
Term
Phalanges
Definition
14 bones; form the fingers; each finger has three bones while the thumb has two bones
Term
Spinal Column
Definition
Vertebral Column; protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body; consist of 26 vertebrae (bones of the spine)
Term
Lamina
Definition
Posterior portion of the vertebra;
Term
Intervertebral disks
Definition
Made of cartilage; separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; also act as shock absorbers
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
the first set of 7 vertebrae; form the neck; C1-C7
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
Form the second set of 12 vertebrae
T1-T12 each vertebra has a pair of ribs attached to it and form the outward curve of the spine
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition
the third set of 5 vertebrae; form the inward curve of the lower spine; largest and strongest; they bear most of the body's weight
Term
Sacrum
Definition
the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
Term
Coccyx
Definition
Tail Bone; forms the end of the spine; 4 small vertebrae that are fused together
Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities; Pelvis or hips
Term
Ilium
Definition
the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bones
Term
Sacroiliac
Definition
the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and the posterior portion of the ilium
Term
Ischium
Definition
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
Term
Pubis
Definition
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
Term
Pubic Bones
Definition
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Term
Pubic Bones
Definition
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Term
Pubic Symphysis
Definition
the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
Hip Socket; the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Term
Femurs
Definition
Largest bones in the body
Term
Patella
Definition
Kneecap; the bony anterior portion of the knee
Term
Popliteal
Definition
the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
Term
Cruciate Ligaments
Definition
make possible the movements of the knee
Term
Tibia
Definition
Shin Bone; the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Term
Fibula
Definition
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
Term
Ankles
Definition
the joints that connect the lower leg and foot and makes necessary movements possible
Term
Tarsal Bones
Definition
The 7 short bones that make up the ankle
Term
Malleolus
Definition
a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
Term
Talus
Definition
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
Heel Bone; the largest of the tarsal bones
Term
Metatarsals
Definition
five; form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached
Term
Phalanges
Definition
the bones of the toes or fingers 3 bones in each finger, two in each thumb; 3 bones in toes, 2 bones in the big toe
Term
Chiropractor
Definition
holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
Term
Orthopedic Surgeon
Definition
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
Term
Osteopath
Definition
Holds a Doctor of Osteopathy and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Term
Osteopath
Definition
Holds a Doctor of Osteopathy and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Term
Podiatrist
Definition
Holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.
Term
Rheumatologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
Term
Rheumatologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
degenerative joint disease; hypertrophy of bone and make osteophytes occur
Term
Osteophyte
Definition
Bone Spur
Term
Gouty Arthritis
Definition
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints
Term
Gouty Arthritis
Definition
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
Term
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
Term
Herniated Disk
Definition
Slipped or Ruptured Disk; the breaking apart of an invertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Term
Lumbago
Definition
Low Back Pain, pain of the lumbar region of the spine
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
Term
Lordosis
Definition
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Term
Craniostenosis
Definition
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
Term
Fibrous Dysplasia
Definition
a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue. leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones
Term
s
Definition
Term
Paget's Disease
Definition
unknown cause; characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
Term
Rickets
Definition
a deficiency disease occurring in children. defective bone growth due to a vitamin D deficiency
Term
Short Stature
Definition
a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the legs and arms to grow to the appropriate size compared to the rest of the body
Term
Talipes
Definition
Clubfoot; any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
Term
Primary Bone Cancer
Definition
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
Term
Secondary Bone Cancer
Definition
describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
Term
Compression Fracture
Definition
Vertebral Crush Fracture; occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself. results in pain, loss of height, and the development of the spinal curvature known as Dowager's hump.
Term
Colles' Fracture
Definition
Fractured Wrist; named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles;occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall with his or her hands
Term
Osteoporotic Hip Fracture
Definition
Broken Hip; can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall
Term
Fracture
Definition
Broken Bone; described in terms of its complexity
Term
Closed Fracture
Definition
Simple Fracture or Complete Fracture; Bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
Term
Open Fracture
Definition
Compound Fracture; Bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition
Bone is crushed or splintered
Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
Bone is bent and partially broken
Term
Oblique Fracture
Definition
occurs at an angle across the bone
Term
Pathologic Fracture
Definition
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
Term
Spiral Fracture
Definition
Bone has been twisted apart
Term
Stress Fracture
Definition
occurs from overusage; small crack that forms from excessive impact
Term
Fat Embolus
Definition
can form when a bone is broken and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Term
Crepitation
Definition
Crepitus; the grating sounds heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
Term
Callus
Definition
a bulging deposit around the area of the break
Term
Radiograph
Definition
X-ray; Uses x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalties
Term
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Definition
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
Term
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Definition
the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
Term
Bone Density Testing
Definition
Used to determine losses or changes in bone density
Term
Ultrasonic Bone Density Testing
Definition
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass; sound waves used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone
Term
Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
Definition
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure be density
Term
Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)`
Definition
used to treat certain types of cancers which affect bone marrow
Term
Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant
Definition
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling. unless perfect match recipient's body might reject the the transplant
Term
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant
Definition
the patient receives his own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient's body is destroyed
Term
Autologous
Definition
originating within an individual
Term
Orthotic
Definition
a mechanical appliance, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
Term
Prosthesis
Definition
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part
Term
Arthrodesis
Definition
Surgical Ankylosis; the surgical fusion of two bone to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder
Term
Arthrolysis
Definition
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
Term
Arthroscopic Surgery
Definition
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
Term
Viscosupplementations
Definition
injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier
Term
Total Knee Replacement
Definition
all of the parts of the knee were replaced
Term
Partial Knee Replacement
Definition
a procedure n which only part of the knee is replaced
Term
Total Hip Replacement
Definition
Total Hip Arthroplasty; performed to restore a damaged hip to full functionality
Term
Hip Resurfacing
Definition
an alternative to removing the head of the femur; places a metal cap over the head of the femur to restore functionality to the hip
Term
Revision Surgery
Definition
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
Term
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Definition
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk.
Term
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
Definition
performed to treat osteoporosis- related compression fractures
Term
Spinal Fusion
Definition
a technique used to immobilize part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae
Term
Closed Reduction
Definition
Manipulation; the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
Term
Immobilization
Definition
Stabilization; the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
Term
Traction
Definition
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
Term
External Fixation
Definition
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that a external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of the bone firmly in place during healing
Term
Internal Fixation
Definition
Open Reduction Internal Fixation; a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
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