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Chapter 3 - Unit I
Preparation for Unit I exam
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Undergraduate 2
10/17/2017

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Term
block grants
Definition
federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent
Term
categorical grants
Definition
congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law
Term
commerce clause
Definition
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes"; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy
Term
concurrent powers
Definition
authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes
Term
cooperative federalism
Definition
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as "intergovernmental cooperation
Term
devolution
Definition
a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments
Term
dual federalism
Definition
the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments
Term
expressed powers
Definition
specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)
Term
federal system
Definition
a system of government in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government such as states
Term
federalism
Definition
a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments
Term
full faith and credit clause
Definition
provision from Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state
Term
general revenue sharing
Definition
the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments
Term
grants-in-aid
Definition
programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government
Term
home rule
Definition
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
Term
implied powers
Definition
powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
Term
necessary and proper clause
Definition
provision from Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution providing Congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers
Term
New Federalism
Definition
attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants
Term
police power
Definition
power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
Term
preemption
Definition
the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack
Term
privileges and immunities clause
Definition
provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges
Term
reserved powers
Definition
powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states
Term
states' rights
Definition
the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War
Term
unfunded mandates
Definition
regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government
Term
unitary system
Definition
a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government
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