Term
| what is special about compounds containing carbon? |
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Definition
| they are the most common structures in living organisms |
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Term
| why is carbon "tetravalent"? |
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Definition
| because it makes four bonds to other atoms |
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Term
| what charge does a hydrocarbon (hint: Hydrogen & Carbon) molecule have? |
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Definition
| hydrocarbons are generally non-polar molecules b/c of C-H bonds (do not have a large electronegativity difference) |
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Term
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Definition
| (# of carbons in the longest chain) 1. METH; 2. ETH; 3. PROP; 4. BUT; 5. PENT; 6. HEX; 7. HEPT; 8. OCT; 9. NON; 10. DEC |
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Term
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Definition
| (what type of bond) ANE; single bond. ENE; double bond. YNE; triple bond |
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Term
| what is important about isomers? what is the result of this? |
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Definition
| molecules have the same chemical formula but different structure. the difference in shape & structure results in unique properties |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. attached to carbon # (2); 2. only one carbon attached (methyl); 3. longest carbon chain (but); 4. types of bonds (ane) -- 2 METHYL BUTANE |
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Term
| how to name double/triple bonds: |
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Definition
| 1. find double bond on carbon number (2); 2. longest chain of carbons (5 - pent); 3. double bond (-ene) -- 2 PENTENE |
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Term
| how to name double/triple bonds AND hanging carbons: |
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Definition
| 1. count which carbon the double bond is on (1); 2. first name hanging carbon off of main chain & how many are hanging off (4 methyl); 3. name double bond on carbon 1 in a 5 carbon chain (1 pentene) -- 4 METHYL 1 PENTENE |
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Term
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Definition
| the groups of atom that usually participate in chemical reactions in an organic molecule |
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Term
| why are the five functional groups polar? |
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Definition
| b/c their oxygen or nitrogen atoms are highly electronegative |
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Term
| what does the polarity of the 5 funct'l groups have to do with hydrophilic? |
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Definition
| polarity tends to make compounds containing these groups hydrophilic (water loving, & therefore soluble) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1; -OH; 2. organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols; 3. also makes stuff very soluble b/c it forms hydrogen bonds with water |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. --C=O; 2. sugars usually contain 1 carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. types in carbonyl groups; 2. Aldehyde - At end; 3. Ketone - Keep center |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. -COOH aka OH-C=O; 2. can only be on the end of a carbon b/c it has 3 atoms; 3. makes substance acidic |
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Term
| carboxylic acid (OH-C=O) vs. ionized (O--C=O) (3) |
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Definition
| 1. types in carboxyl groups; 2. carboxylic acid acts as acid b/c it contributes H+ to a solution; 3. ionized is after it gives away H+ to a solution so it is left with O- |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. -NH2 aka H-N-H; 2. it makes substance basic |
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Term
| amine (H-N-H) vs. ionized (all come off of N: H-N-H+-N) (2) |
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Definition
| 1. amine acts as a base by taking in H+ ions from a solution; 2. ionized is when the base has taken in a H+ ion |
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Term
| phosphate group (2) & what is it often involved in? |
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Definition
| 1. -OPO32- aka these all coming off of P: O-, =O, O, O; 2. compounds w/ phosphate are called organic phosphates; 3. often involved in energy transfers (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| large biological molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. carbohydrates; 2. lipids; 3. proteins; 4. nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a large molecule consisting of many identical/similar molecular units strung together |
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Term
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Definition
| the units that serve as the building blocks of polymers. only 3/4 macromolecules are made of monomers (carbs, proteins & nucleic acids) |
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Term
| what joins monomers to form polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
| dehydration reaction (aka condensation reaction) |
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Definition
| a reaction that removes a molecule of water to link monomers together w/ covalent bonds |
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Term
| 1. why are dehydration reactions called dehydration reactions? 2. why are they called condensation? 3. why are hydrolysis reactions called hydrolysis? |
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Definition
| 1. b/c the molecules lose water; 2. b/c the solution they are in gains water; 3. b/c they break polymers into monomers by adding water |
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Term
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Definition
| to break down w/ water & cells break bonds b/w monomers by adding water to them (end with several smaller monomers) |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate monomers (main fuel for cellular work) |
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Term
| what is a hydrated carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the general molecular formula for monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| three examples of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| 1. glucose ("blood sugar"); 2. galactose (a sugar in milk & yogurt; 3. fructose (sugar in honey) |
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Term
| do the 3 examples of monosaccharides have the same formula? |
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Definition
| yes, with different arrangements in atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 monosaccharides linked together to form a "double" sugar |
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Term
| three examples of dissacharides ("SL*M") |
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Definition
| 1. sucrose (table sugar: glucose + fructose); 2. lactose (sugar in milk: glucose + galactose); 3. maltose (product of starch digestion: glucose + glucose) |
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Term
| why are all sugars very soluble in water? |
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Definition
| b/c of their many hydroxyl groups (ex. C6H12O6 [glucose, fructose, galactose equation]) |
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Term
| end result in disaccharides we explored: |
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Definition
| loss of a hydrogen atom from 1 of the monos's & a hydroxyl group from the other |
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Term
| what is the most impt source of energy for many cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what provides the bulk of calories in most idets? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 2 common carbs found in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the monomers of starch & cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of enzymes found in glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does amylopectin differ from amylose? |
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Definition
| amylopectin is highly branched while amylose has unbranched chains |
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Term
| why are starches insoluble? |
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Definition
| b/c they have a large molecule size |
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Term
| 3 major sources of starch in human diet: |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the hydrolysis of starch and what does this thing break down? |
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Definition
| amylases (NOT a carb). it breaks down the amylose in starch |
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Term
| what is the monomer in cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the result of cellulose & starch having no side chains? |
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Definition
| a series of stiff, elongated fibrils (perfect for building cell walls of plants) |
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Term
| how do animals store glycogen? |
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Definition
| by polymerizing glucose to form glycogen |
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Term
| what is the diff b/w the structure of amylopectin & glycogen? |
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Definition
| branches in glycogen tend to be shorter & more frequent |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions & soluble in organic solvents |
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Term
| why are lipids nonpolar hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| b/c they are carbon & hydrogen predominate & have very little oxygens |
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Term
| three major functions of lipids: |
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Definition
| 1. serve as structural components of biological membranes; 2. provide energy reserves, predominantly as triacylglycerols; 3. lipids & lipid derivatives serve as vitamins & hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| fats, phopholipids, waxes & steroids |
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Term
| what is another name for fats? |
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Definition
| triacylglycerides or triglycerides |
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Term
| what are fats composed of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what reactino forms fats? |
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Definition
| dehydration synthesis reactions |
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Term
| what two major roles do fatty acids fill in th body? |
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Definition
| 1. components of membranes; 2. the major components of stored lipids |
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Term
| what is the general mformula for fats? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the elements in fats? |
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Definition
| carbon & hydrogen are predominate (very little oxygen); on 1 side is a carboxylic acid |
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Term
| difference in bonds b/w saturated fats & unsaturated fats |
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Definition
| saturated fats have no double bonds b/w carbons, while unsaturated fats include many double bonds b/w carbons |
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Term
| examples of sat. fats solid at room temp |
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Definition
|
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Term
| examples of unsat. fats liquid at room temp |
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Definition
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Term
| in what state are sat. fatty acids of <8 carbon atoms? |
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Definition
| liquid at physiological temp |
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Term
| in what state are sat. fatty acids of 10+ carbon atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| why does too much sat. fat create a risk of heart disease? |
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Definition
| b/c the sat. fats line the walls of arteries & occlude (eventually stop) blood flow |
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Term
| what is done to the double bonds in hydrogenation? |
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Definition
| they are removed & the mol's become more solid at room temp (almost like making it unsat to sat, but not quite) |
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Term
| what are the essential fatty acid? & why? |
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Definition
| linoleic acid & linolenic acid b/c they cannot be synthesized & must be provided in the diet |
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Term
| where do humans acquire the essential fatty acids & why? |
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Definition
| by eating animals that have consumed plants that contains these acids or eating the plants themselves b/c they are capable of synthesizing linoleic & linolenic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a major component of cell membranes |
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Term
| what three things are phospholipids composed of? |
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Definition
| a glycerol molecule; two fatty acids; a phophate group |
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Term
| what is the name of the fatty acids in a phospholipid & the name of phosphate portion? |
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Definition
| 1. tails (hydrophobic); 2. head (hydrophilic) |
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Term
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Definition
| effective hydrophobic coatings formed by many organisms to ward off water |
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Term
| what do waxes consist of ? |
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Definition
| fatty acid linked to an alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids with backbones bent into rings |
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Term
| what steroid is formed by animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| name two functions that cholesterol has: |
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Definition
| 1. functions in the digestion of fats; 2. starting material for the synthesis of female & male sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| variants of the male hormone (testosterone) which causes the buildup of muscle & bone mass during puberty in men |
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Term
| 5 medical problems w/ anabolic steroids (Trees Live By Many Animals): |
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Definition
| 1. testicular atrophy (testicles don't grow as much as they should), liver cancer, breast development in males, masculinization of females, antisocial behavior |
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Term
| 8 classes of proteins (& example): *stacey [can] see [outside] tremendous [hairy] happy [indescribable] realistic [cunning] eagles [about to] come [meters] down [alas]* |
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Definition
| 1. structural (collagen); 2. storage (ovalbumin); 3. transport (hemoglobin); 4. hormonal (insulin); 5. receptor (in cell membrane); 6. enzymes (amylose); 7. contractile (myosin in muscles); 8. defensive (antibodies) |
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Term
| how many common naturally-occuring amino acids are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines the specific properties of amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main groups of amino acids: |
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Definition
| 1. nonpolar & hydrophobic; 2. polar & hydrophilic; 3. charged: acidic (if there's a carboxyl group in R group) or basic (if there's an amio group in R group) |
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Term
| name of the link b/w amino acids |
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Definition
| peptide bond aka covalent bond |
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Term
| what is the resulting structure when 2 amino acids link together? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many levels of substructure determine the shape of a protein? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| 1. strongest structure of all four; 2. sequence of amino acids; 3. held together by peptide bonds |
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Term
| secondary substructure (2) |
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Definition
| 1. can be helical or pleated shape; 2. held by regular hydrogen bonds b/w carbonyl O and amino H on nonadjacent amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. overall shape of an individual protein; 2. usually called globular (combination of helices & pleats) or fibrous (entirely pleated; 4. most proteins are globular; 5. held together by covalent (S-S) bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, & hydrophobic bonds (interactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. a protein w/ multiple chains; 2. all the same bonds from tertiary are involved here |
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Term
| what is sig. about a protein's shape? |
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Definition
| it determines its function & allows it to recognize other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical change resulting in change of chemical properties where polypeptide chains lose their shape & thusly, their function |
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Term
| what does denaturation have to do with a fever? |
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Definition
| b/c if your fever gets too high, proteins in your brain could denature |
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Term
| what 3 things causes denaturation? |
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Definition
| heat, changes in pH and change in salt concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers that can serve as the blue-print for proteins |
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Term
| what are the sections of DNA molecules called? & what are they the blueprints for? |
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Definition
| 1. genes; 2. amino acid sequences in proteins (primary substructure) |
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Term
| how is DNA transmitted through parents -> children? |
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Definition
| through gametes (ova & sperm cells) |
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Term
| what is the monomer of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| three parts a nucleotide is made up of: |
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Definition
| 1. sugar; 2. phosphate; 3. nitrogenous base (5 types) |
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Term
| RNA consists of.... while DNA consists of... |
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Definition
| 1. a single polynucleotide strand; 2. a double helix & two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds b/w the paired bases |
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Term
| polynucleotide & how it is bonded |
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Definition
| 1. composed of nucleotide monomers formed by dehydrated reaction; 2. phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next phosphate which results in repeating sugar phosphate backbone in polymer |
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Term
| which info programs the primary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| the specific sequences of nucelotiedes in a gene b/c they are the blueprints for proteins |
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Term
| in nucleic acids, which process creates polymers from the monomers? & how? |
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Definition
| 1. dehydration synthesis; 2. a phosphate from one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of another nucleotide |
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Term
|
Definition
| a storage polysaccharide in animals for excess glucose (sugar). most are as granules in liver & muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant organic compounds on earth that serves as structural compounds in plants. they are joined by hydrogen bonds, forming a part of a fabril |
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Term
| what are the two types of sugar that can be in nucleotides? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the 5 types of nitrogenous bases (Under The Car Are Gears)? |
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Definition
| adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine or uracil |
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Term
| what do DNA molecules contain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the molecular formula for the three monosacchardies studied? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why can starch store glucose? |
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Definition
| b/c of it is insoluble in water & has a large molecule size |
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Term
| what elements are lipids mostly made of? |
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Definition
| carbons & hydrogens linked by nonpolar covalent bonds |
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Term
| branches in starch vs. glycogen vs. cellulose |
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Definition
| starch (helical shape): may be branches or unbranched; glycogen : more highly branched than starch; cellulose (rod shape, cellulose molecules parallel to each other) : unbranched |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds w/ an amino group |
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Term
|
Definition
| plaques build up within the wall of blood vessels, reducing blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipid-containing deposits |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organic molecule that is a base containing the element nitrogen |
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