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| cell consists of 3 main parts |
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| cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane |
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located within the cytoplasm, suspended in a liquid called cytosol
*perform specific functions-extracting energy from nutrients, dismantling debris, processing secretions. |
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is an actively functioning part of the living material.
**regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allows cells to survive and interact with other cells, & helps cells attach to other cells |
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| It means that only certain substances can enter or leave the cell. |
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| phosphate “heads” (hydrophilic) |
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| fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic) |
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| may act as receptors, transporters, ion channels, anchors, identify markers, or adhesion molecules |
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trans-membrane proteins:
-peripheral proteins: |
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: span entire bilayer
:attached to one side of bilayer |
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| is the gel-like material in which organelles are suspended, it makes up most of the cell's volume |
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| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
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| If studded with ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| is without ribosomes and function in lipid synthesis |
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can be attached to ER membranes or scattered individually throughout the cytoplasm
functions where protein synthesis occurs. |
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| is a stack of six flattened, membranous sacs.FUNCTION: packages proteins synthesized on ribosomes for transport and secretion |
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| are elongated “bean shaped” sacs with inner & outer membranes. FUNCTION:release energy from nutrients and convert this energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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| are tiny membranous sacs.FUNCTION:“garbage disposals” of the cell; contain enzymes that digest old cell parts or foreign particles |
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| are tiny membranous sacs (look similar to lysosomes). Functions: contain enzymes that breakdown hydrogen peroxide and detoxify alcohol |
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| Microfilaments and microtubules |
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| are thin, threadlike strands that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cell.FUNCTION: form the cytoplasm and help structure substances & organelles within the cytoplasm |
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| is a structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles.FUNCTION: help to move chromosomes during mitosis (cell division) |
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| are membranous sacs.FUNCTION: store or transport substances |
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are motile extensions that project from the surfaces of some cells.
* Cilia are hair-like & move in coordinated to and fro movement.
*Flagella are tail-like & move the entire cell. |
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| nucleus is bounded by a double-layered nuclear envelope containing nuclear pore that allow the passage of certain substances. |
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| is a small structure in the nucleus. Ribosomes are formed here |
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Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration |
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Active Transport
endocytosis
Pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
exocytosis |
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| A movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. the difference is called the concentration gradient |
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| Molecules are still moving from higher concentration to lower concentration but with the help of a membrane protein. |
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| Osmosis is a type of diffusion; it is the diffusion of water. Water moves from an area of more water to an area of less water. |
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solution has the same amount of water & solute concentration as cell.
They maintain their characteristic shape |
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solution has more water & lower solute concentration than cell.
Cells swell and may burst gain water by osmosis |
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solution has less water & higher solute concentration than cell.
Cells shrink water moves out of cell into surrounding solution |
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generally used to move particles from higher concentration to lower concentration.
*generally used to separate solids from water. |
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Active transport uses ATP(cellular energy) to move molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. This is against the concentration gradient.
--Active transport requires the use of carrier proteins called “pumps”. |
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molecules or other particles are brought into the cell in a conveyed vesicle.
Pinocytosis--“cell drinking” - cells engulf liquid
Phagocytosis--“cell eating”- cells engulf particles
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis--moves very specific particles into the cell. |
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| molecules or particles are secreted out of the cell in a vesicle |
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| The series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it is forms until it divides |
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S (synthesis) stage – DNA of the cell is replicating
G1/G2 (growth) stages – organelles are duplicating, cell is growing |
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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| – chromosomes are visible, centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell, nuclear envelope & nucleolus disappear, a spindle-shaped forms from the centrioles |
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| – chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome |
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| – centromeres are pulled apart, chromosomes are split & move towards opposite ends of the cell |
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| reverse of prophase chromosomes unwind into threadlike form, nuclear envelope & nucleolireappear, spindle breaks up |
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| A cleavage furrow develops in the middle of the cell to divide the cytoplasm. Eventually, the 2 newly formed nuclei are separated with organelles split between the 2 new cells – 2 daughter cells have been created! |
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| A cell that doesn’t divide, may induce death |
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