Term
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Definition
| directly observable characteristics of a child. |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| rodlike structures within a cell which store and transmit genetic information |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA |
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Definition
| What Chromosomes are made up of; it is a long double-stranded molecule that looks like a twisted ladder. Each rung of the ladder consists of a pair of chemical substances called bases. |
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| a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome |
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Definition
| A unique feature of DNA, in which it can duplicate itself. |
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Definition
| sex cells—the sperm and ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell division process through which Gametes are formed, which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells to 23. |
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Definition
| the resulting cell, after a sperm and ovum unite at fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes next to each other break at one or more points along their length and exchange segments, so that genes from one are replaced by genes from another |
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Term
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Definition
| the 22 matching pairs of chromosomes, which geneticists number from longest (1) to shortest (22). |
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Term
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Definition
| The twenty-third pair consists of chromosomes. In females, this pair is called XX; in males, it is called XY. |
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Term
| identical, or monozygotic twins |
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Definition
| Sometimes a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals. They have the same genetic makeup. |
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Term
| Fraternal , or dizygotic twins |
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Definition
| the most common type of multiple birth, result from the release and fertilization of two ova. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the alleles from both parents are alike |
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Term
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Definition
| When the alleles of the two parents differ, then relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype. |
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Term
| dominant–recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| Only one allele affects the child’s characteristics. It is called dominant; the second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele (Db) who pass that trait to their children. |
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Term
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Definition
| enhance or dilute the effects of other genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two |
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Term
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Definition
| Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match. |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked, so that one pair member (either the mother’s or the father’s) is activated, regardless of its makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| many genes determine the characteristic in question. |
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Term
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Definition
| a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals |
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Term
| prenatal diagnostic methods |
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Definition
| medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cush- ion against any jolts caused by the woman’s movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| another protective membrane which surrounds the amnion. From the chorion, tiny fingerlike villi, or blood vessels, emerge |
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Term
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Definition
| brings the mother’s and the embryo’s blood close together, permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away |
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Term
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Definition
| first appears as a primitive body stalk and, during the course of pregnancy, grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet. The umbilical cord contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products. |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. During these brief six weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place, as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy, is the longest prenatal period. During this “growth and finishing” phase, the organism increases rapidly in size, especially from the ninth to the twentieth week. |
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Term
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Definition
| A white, cheeselike substance which covers the skin, protecting it from chapping during the long months spent in the amniotic fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| White, downy hair which covers the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which the baby can first survive. It occurs some- time between 22 and 26 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| any environmental agent that causes damage during the pre- natal period. |
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Term
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), |
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Definition
| a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by pre- natal alcohol exposure |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings; a thin upper lip; a smooth or flat- tened philtrum, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip), and (c) brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning—for example, memory, language and communication, attention span and activity level (overactivity), planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. |
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Term
| Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) |
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Definition
| in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. Again, prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than in FAS |
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Term
| Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS), |
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Definition
| characterized by (a) two of the three facial abnormalities just mentioned and (b) brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. Mothers of children with p-FAS generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and children’s defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scale used to assess the baby’s physical condition. |
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Term
| Natural , or prepared, childbirth |
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Definition
| consists of a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth as rewarding an experience as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| tur ned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first |
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Term
| Rh factor incompatibility |
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Definition
| between the mother’s and baby’s blood types. When the mother is Rh negative (lacks the Rh protein) and the father is Rh positive (has the Rh protein), the baby may inherit the father’s Rh-positive blood type. If even a little of a fetus’s Rh-positive blood crosses the placenta into the Rh-negative mother’s bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the for- eign protein. If these enter the fetus’s system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the supply of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| are those born several weeks or more before their due date. |
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Term
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Definition
| are below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heritability estimates are taken from kinship studies, which compare the characteristics of family members. |
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Term
| gene–environment interaction |
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Definition
| because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of heredity to restrict the develop- ment of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. |
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Term
| gene–environment correlation |
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Definition
| our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment. |
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