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| Rights the U.S. Constitution neither grants to the national government nor forbids to the states. |
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| The relationshp between the centralized national government and the individual state governments. |
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| A direct order from Congress that the states must fulfill. |
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| Three constitutional provisions-- the interstate commerce clause, the general welfare clause, and the Tenth Amendment--that help to continually shift the balance of power between the national and state governments. |
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| The Interstate Commerce Clause |
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| The power to regulate Commerce, provides some uniformity of policy among the states. |
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| The General Welfare Clause |
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| Granted the Congress the power to impose and collect taxes, to pay debts, and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. |
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| Preserves the individuality of the states and restricted the national government to its delegated powers. |
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| A clause in Article IV of the Constitution holding that in any conflict between federal laws and treaties and state laws, the national government always prevails. |
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| Powers expressly granted or enumerated in the constitution and limited in nature. |
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| Powers not specifically stated in the constitution but inferred from the express powers. (Elastic Clause) |
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| Do not appear in the Constitution but are assumed because of the nature of government. |
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| Powers not assigned by the Constitution to the national government but left to the states or to the people, according to the Tenth Amendment. |
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| the powers to regulate health, morals, public safety, and welfare, which are reserved to the states. |
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| Powers shared by both national and state levels of government. |
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| The 1824 decision by Chief Justice JOhn Marshall that gave Congress the power, under the "interstate commerce" clause, to regulate anything that affects the transfer of goods between states. |
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| A nineteenth-century theory that upholds that states faced with unacceptable national legislation can declare such laws null and void and refuse to observe them. |
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| A system in which each level of power remains supreme in its own jurisdiction, thus keeping the states separate and distinct from the national government. |
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| A cooperative system in which solutions for various state and local problems are directed and sometimes funded by both the national and state governments. The administration of programs is characterized by shared power and shared responsibility. |
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| The process whereby the Supreme Court has found that Bill of Rights protections apply to the states. |
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| Money paid to states and localities to induce them to implement policies in accordance with federally mandated guidelines. |
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| National requirement that must be observed to receive benefits. |
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| The most common type of federal grant, given for specific purposes, usually with strict rules attached. |
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| A grant based on a prescribed legislative formula to determine how money will be distributed to eligible governmental unites (states or major cities). |
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| A grant not based on a formula but distributed for specific purposes after a fairly competitive application and approval process. |
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| Competitive grants that are restricted by use of a formula. |
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| Federal grants that provide money to states for general program funding with few or no strings attached. |
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| A trend initiated in the Reagan administration and accelerated by then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich to send programs and power back to the states with less national government involvement. |
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| The process by which the federal government, under the supremacy clause, signals that it will be the only legislative body to govern in a policy area, as a means of creating uniform policy. |
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| A system in which the national government forces the states to follow its leads by passing public policy legislation requiring their participation. |
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| An initiative that expanded the concept of the partnership between the national government and the states under President LBJ in the 1960s. |
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| A program under President Nixon that decentralized power as a response to New Deal centralization. |
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| General Revenue Sharing(GRS) |
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| A system of the New Federalism program in which money was given to the states with no restrictions on how it could be spent. |
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| A system of the New Federalism program in which groups of categorical grants-in-aid in related policy areas, such as crime control or health care, were consolidated in a single block grant. |
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| A conservative Democrat who supports states' rights and a less activist national government. |
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