Term
| What do biological molecules mainly consist of? |
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Definition
1.) Carbon bonded to carbon
2.) Carbon bonded to other elements (O,N,S,P, or H) |
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Term
| How many covalent bonds does carbon usually form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the groups that carbon bond to called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a hydroxyl group? What is it found in? |
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Definition
| -OH. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids |
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a carbonyl group? What is it found in? |
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Definition
O
II
-C -
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a carboxyl group? What is it found in? |
|
Definition
O
II
-C-OH
Proteins, lipids. |
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Term
| What is the structural formula for an amino group? What is it found in? |
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Definition
-N-H
I
H
Proteins, nucleic acids |
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a Sulfhydryl group? What is it found in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a phosphate group? What is it found in? |
|
Definition
O-
I
-O-P-O
II
O
Nucleic acid |
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Term
| What is the structural formula for a methyl group? What is it found in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules with the same molecular formula or empirical formula. |
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Term
| What is a structural isomer? |
|
Definition
a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders
Functional group is in a different location.
DIFFERENT FXN EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE SAME FORUMLA |
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Term
|
Definition
they are made of the same atoms, connected in the same sequence, but the atoms are positioned differently in space. The difference between two stereoisomers can only be seen when the three dimensional arrangement of the molecules is considered.
MIRROR IMAGE OF ANOTHER MOLECULE. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that are mirror images of each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A carbon that has 4 different things attached to it |
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Term
| What is a biological molecule? |
|
Definition
| Typically large molecules constructed from smaller subunits. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Many units. Built by linking monomers. |
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Term
| What is dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
| Formation of large molecules by the removal of water. Monomers are joined to form polymers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water. Polymers are broken down into monomers. |
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Term
| What is a the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
1 Carbon, 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen.
1:2:1 |
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Term
| What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What bond in a carbohydrate holds the most energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are carbohydrates function? |
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Definition
| Good energy storage for molecules. EX: Sugars, starch, and glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does a glucose contain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Can glucose form ring structures? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alpha connection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a beta connection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fructose is a __________ isomer of glucose. |
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Definition
| structural. The double bonded oxygen is bonded at a different at a location. |
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Term
| Galactose is a __________ isomer of glucose. |
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Definition
| Stereo. The H-C-OH in glucose is an OH-C-H in galactose. |
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Term
| How can enzymes distinguish the difference between structural and stereoisomers? |
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Definition
| They act different depending on the structure of a 6-carbon sugar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 monosaccarides linked together |
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Term
| How are disaccharides formed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are disaccharides used for? |
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Definition
| Transport or energy storage. |
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Term
| What is an example of a disaccharide? |
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Definition
| Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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|
Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| Long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the functions of a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
1.) Energy Storage
2.) Structural Support |
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Term
| What do plants use for energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do animals use for energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do plants use as support? |
|
Definition
| Cellulose - a structural carbohydrate/polymer |
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Term
| What do arthopods and fungi use for support? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polymer nucleic acid called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a monomer of a nucleic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid? |
|
Definition
| Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogenous Base |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases? |
|
Definition
1.) Purines
2.) Pyrimidines |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pyrimidines? |
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Definition
| Thymine, cytosine, uracil. |
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|
Term
| What are the bases found in DNA? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. |
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|
Term
| What are the bases found in RNA? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine |
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Term
| How are nucleotides connected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Nucleic Acids? |
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Definition
| Information storage and use. |
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Term
| Is a hydroxyl group attached to a sugar in a Nucleotide structure indicative RNA or DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a hydrogen attached to a sugar in a Nucleotide structure indicative of RNA or DNA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are primes in RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| Sugar, not in the the base. |
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Term
| What is the main difference between purines and pyrimidines? |
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Definition
| The purines have a nitrogen pentagon situation attached where pydimidines are just a hexagon. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins based on the sequence of bases. |
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA? |
|
Definition
| 2 different polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds. A double helix |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A bunch of hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
| What is the major difference in RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| RNA's sugar is ribose instead of DNA's deoxyribose. |
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Term
| How do the base pairs in RNA and DNA differ? |
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Definition
| RNA has uracil instead of thymine. |
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Term
| How does the structure of RNA different than in DNA? |
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Definition
| RNA is a single stranded polynucleotide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It acts as a template for the creation of RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Primary energy currency of a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electron carriers that are important in many cellular reactions |
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Term
| What are the 7 fxns of proteins? |
|
Definition
1.) Enzyme catalysts
2.) Defense
3.) Transport
4.) Support
5.) Motion
6.) Regulation
7.) Storage |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is each chain of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomer subunits of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of an amino acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is COOH is an amino acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the R of an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| The variable group. Could be anything. |
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|
Term
| How are amino acids joined? |
|
Definition
| Through dehydration synthesis |
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|
Term
| What are the bonds between amino acids? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the peptide bonds in amino acids? |
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Definition
| Formed between the amine group and carboxyl group of 2 monomers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 amino acids joined by 1 peptide bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 amino acids joined by 2 peptide bonds. |
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Term
| What does the R group in an amino acid dictate? |
|
Definition
| The chemical properties of the amino acid |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 ways amino acids can be classfiied? |
|
Definition
1.)Nonpolar
2.)Polar
3.)Charged
4.)Aromatic
5.)Special Fxn |
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|
Term
| Look at table in chapter 3 slide for examples of amino acids |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids |
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|
Term
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| Interraction of groups in the peptide back bone. Can form an alpha helix or a beta sheet. |
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|
Term
| What is the tertiary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| The final folded shape of a globular protein. The overall 3D structure which is the key to how it interacts. Consists of a single polypeptide chain |
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|
Term
| What is the quaternary structure of a protein? |
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Definition
| Arangement of the individual polypeptide chains in a protein. |
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|
Term
| What are the types of bonds that hold proteins together? |
|
Definition
1.) Hydrogen bonds
2.) Disulfide bridges
3.) Ionic bonds
4.) Van Der Waals Attractions
5.) Hydrophobic exclusions |
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|
Term
| What are Van Der Waals attractions? |
|
Definition
| Attraction due to polarized electron clouds. |
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|
Term
| What are the hydrophobic exclusions? |
|
Definition
| Aggregate together, away from H20. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Common units of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides. Useful in determining function of unknown protein. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Function regions of a polypeptide, most have multiple functional domains. |
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|
Term
| What do chaperone proteins do? |
|
Definition
| Help to ensure that proteins fold correctly. |
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|
Term
| When is a time that chaperon proteins are produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disease that has a deficiency in chaperon proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein loses structure and therefor function. Influenced by environmental conditions. |
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|
Term
| What influences denaturation? |
|
Definition
1.)pH
2.)temp
3.)ionic concentration of solution |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of molecules that are insoluble in water. |
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|
Term
| What causes a lipid to be hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| The high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage of large amounts of energy |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Oils, fats, waxes, vitamins. |
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|
Term
| What is a triglyceride composed of? |
|
Definition
| 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. |
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|
Term
| What does a saturated fatty acid mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an unsaturated fatty acid mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of triglyceride has a higher melting point (un or saturated)? |
|
Definition
| Saturated. Animal origin. Lard |
|
|
Term
| Which type of triglyceride has a lower melting point? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated. Plant based. Olive oil. |
|
|
Term
| How are trans fats created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are phospholipids composed of? What do they form? |
|
Definition
| A glycerol, 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails, and a polar phosphate head. All biological membranes. |
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|
Term
| How is a biological membrane/ lipid bilayer created? |
|
Definition
| Cluster hydrophobic regions of phospholipids together and leave the hydrophilic region exposed to the water envirnment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid molecules that orient with polar head towards water and nonpolar tails away from water. |
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