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Chapter 3 Argument
pages 140-143
27
English
11th Grade
10/28/2012

Additional English Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Argument
Definition

A process of reasoned inquiry

 

Term
backing
Definition
In the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.
Term
claim
Definition

Also called an assertion or a proposition, this states the argument's main idea or position.

 

Term
claim of fact
Definition
Asserts that something is true or not true.
Term
claim of policy
Definition
proposes a change
Term
claim of value
Definition

argues that something is good or bad, right or

wrong.

Term
the classical oration
Definition
five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.
Term
introduction
Definition
introduces the reader to the subject
Term
narration
Definition
provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing
Term
confirmation
Definition

usually the major part of the text, this includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.

 

Term
refutation
Definition

addresses the counterargument

a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion

Term
conclusion
Definition
brings the essay to a satisfying close
Term
closed thesis
Definition
a statement of the main idea of the argument  that also previews the major points the writer intends to make
Term
deduction
Definition
a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case.
Term
first-hand evidence
Definition
evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it is from personl experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.
Term
induction
Definition
"to lead into" - a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion
Term
open thesis
Definition
does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay
Term
qualifier
Definition
uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute
Term
quantitative evidence
Definition
includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers- for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information
Term
rebuttal
Definition
gives voice to possible objections
Term
reservation
Definition
explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier
Term
Rogerian arguments
Definition
are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating
Term
second-hand evidence
Definition
is accessed through research, reading, and investigation
Term
syllogism
Definition
logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
Term
Toulmin Model
Definition
an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments
Term
warrant
Definition
expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience
Term
enthymeme
Definition
essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood
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