Term
| Clinical manifestations of skin dysfunction |
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Definition
| Macule, Papule, Patch, Plaque, Wheal, Nodule, Tumor, Vesicle, Bulla, Pustule, Cyst, Telangiectasia, Scale, Lichenification, Keloid, Scar, Excoriation, Fissure, Erosion, Ulcer, and Atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat, circumscribed area that is a change in color of skin; less than 1 cm in diameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freckles, flat moles (nevi), petechieae, measles, scarlet fever |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Wart (verruca), elevated moles, lichen planus |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat, nonpalpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitiligo, port-wine stains, Mongolian spots, cafe au lait spots |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface more than 1 cm in diameter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psoriasis, seborrheic and actinic keratoses |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Insect bites, urticaria, allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion; deeper in dermis than a papule; 1-2 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythema nodosum, lipomas |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, solid lesion; may be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; more than 2 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Neoplasms, benign tumor, lipoma, hemangioma |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis; filled with serous fluid; less than 1 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicle more than 1 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Blister, pemphigus vulgaris |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or semisolid material |
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Term
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Definition
| Sebaceous cyst, cystic acne |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine (0.5-1.0 mm), irregular red lines produced by capillary dilation; can be associated with acne rosacea (face), venous hypertension (spider veins in legs), or developmental abnormalities (port-wine birthmarks) |
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Term
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Definition
| Telangiectasia in rosacea |
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Term
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Definition
| Heaped-up, keratinized cells; flaky skin; irregular; thick or thin; dry or oily; variation in size |
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Term
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Definition
| Flaking of skin seborrheic dermatitis following scarlet fever, or flaking of skin following a drug reaction; dry skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, pruritus, or skin irritation; often involves flexor surface of extremity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated, rounded, and firm that have irregular clawlike margins that extend beyond the original site of injury. Caused by abnormal wound healing with excessive collagen formation during dermal connective tissue repair. It is common in darkly pigmented skin types and burn scars; type III collagen is increased |
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Term
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Definition
| Keloid formation following surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| Healed wound or surgical incision |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of epidermis; linear, hollowed-out crusted area |
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Term
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Definition
| Abrasion or scratch, scabies |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear crack or break from epidermis to dermis; may be moist or dry |
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Term
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Definition
| Athlete's foot, cracks at the corner of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of part of epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture of a vesicle or bulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Varicella, variola after rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of epidermis and dermis; concave; varies in size |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thinning of skin surface and loss of skin markings; skin appears translucent and paper-like |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure ulcers result from |
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Definition
| Unrelieved pressure, shearing forces (patients are in bed and knees aren't bent), friction, and moisture (sweat). |
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Term
| Stages of Pressure Ulcers |
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Definition
I Nonblanchable (redness of the skin that doesn't turn white or purple when you touch it) erythema of intact skin
II Partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis (blisters)
III Full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue
IV Full-thickness skin loss with damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Itching; most common symptom of primary skin disorders; itch is carried by specific unmyelinated C-nerve fibers and is triggered by a number of itch mediators; the CNS can modulate the itch response; pain stimuli at lower intensities can induce itching; chronic itching can result in infections and scarring due to persistent scratching |
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Term
| Types of Inflammatory disorders of the skin |
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Definition
| Allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis |
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Term
| The most common inflammatory disorders of the skin are |
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Definition
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Term
| The disorders of inflammatory disorders of the skin are characterized by |
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Definition
| Pruritus, lesions with indistinct borders, and epidermal changes |
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Term
| Allergic contact dermatitis |
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Definition
| Caused by Hypersensitivity IV; Pathology: the allergen comes in contact with the skin, binds to a carrier protein to form a sensitizing antigen; Langerhans cells process the antigen and carry it to T cells, which become sensitized to the antigen. Manifestations: Erythema and swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by hypersensitivity I and activates mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells. It causes red, weeping crusts and chronic inflammation, lichenification |
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Term
| Irritant contact dermatitis |
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Definition
| Nonimmunologic inflammation of the skin, caused by chemical irritation from acids or prolonged exposure to irritating substances. Symptoms: similar to allergic contact dermatitis. Treatment: remove stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the legs as a result of venous stasis, edema, and vascular trauma. Sequence of events: erythema, pruritus, scaling, petechiae, and ulcerations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the skin involving the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, nasolabial folds, and ear canals. Lesions appear scaly, white, or yellowish inflammatory plaques |
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Term
| Types of Papulosquamous disorders of the skin |
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Definition
| Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus, Acne vulgaris, Acne rosacea, and Lupus erythematosus. |
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Term
| 2 major layers of the skin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The superficial or outer layer of the skin; most important; can thicken and form calluses with constant pressure or friction |
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Term
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Definition
| The deeper layer of skin; "the true skin" |
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Term
| Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) |
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Definition
| The lowest layer of connective tissue that contains macrophages, fibroblasts, fat cells, nerves, fine muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics, and hair follicle roots. |
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Term
| Where do pressure ulcers normally develop? |
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Definition
| Over bony prominences, such as the sacrum, heels, ischia, and greater trochanters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Itching, most common symptom of primary skin disorders, itch sensations are carried by specific unmyelinated nerve fibers to the brain and is triggered by a number of itch mediators. The CNS can modulate the itch response. Pain stimuli at lower intensities can induce itching. Chronic itching can result in infectious and scarring due to persistent scratching. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic, relapsing, proliferative skin disorder that is a T cell immune-mediated skin disease. It is characterized by scaly, thick, silvery, elevated lesions that are usually on the scalp, elbows, or knees. The dermis and epidermis become thickened. Epidermal turnover goes from 26-30 days to 3-4 days in patients. Cells do not have time to mature or adequately keratinize. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Plaque
2) Inverse
3) Guttate
4) Pustular
5) Erythrodermic |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common, appears as red areas of inflamed skin covered with silvery white scaly skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Appears as smooth inflamed patches of skin. It develops in skin folds such as around the genitals between the groin and the thigh, the armpits, and under the breasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, scaly, red or pink tear-dropped papules appear suddenly on the trunk and extremities a few weeks after a streptococcal respiratory infection. May resolve spontaneously in weeks or months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Appears as blisters of noninfectious pus (collections of neutrophils) |
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Term
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Definition
| Accompanied by pruritus or pain with widespread red, scaling lesions that cover a large area of the body. Widespread, fiery redness of the skin and shedding of scales in sheets rather than small flakes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder that usually occurs during the winter months. It begins as a circular, demarcated, salmon-pink, 3 to 4 cm lesion (herald patch) |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign, inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membrane that presents with nonscaling, violet-colored, 2 to 4 mm lesions on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and genitalia. The cause is unknown, but T cells, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and antigen presenting cells are involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the skin that develops in adulthood. 4 subtypes: Erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Associated with chronic, inappropriate vasodilation resulting in flushing and sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations. 2 types: Systemic lupus erythematosus and DLE. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is limited to the skin, photosensitivty is common, and butterfly pattern over the nose and cheeks occurs. |
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Term
| Vesiculobullous Disorders |
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Definition
| Pemphigus, Bullous pemphigoid, and Erythema multiforme |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare, chronic, blister-forming disease of the skin and oral mucous membranes. Blisters form in the deep or superficial epidermis. It is an autoimmune disease caused by circulating IgG autoantibodies that are against the cell surface adhesion molecule. Tissue biopsies show autoantibody presence. Types: Pemphigus vulargis (severe), Pemphigus foliaceus, and Pemphigus erythematosus. |
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Term
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Definition
| syndrome characterized by inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes, often associated with immunologic reactions to a drug or microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| More benign deisease than pemphigus vulargis, bound to IgG and blistering of the subepidermal skin layer, subepidermal blistering and eosinophils distinguish pemphigoid from pemphigus |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute, recurring disorder of the skin and mucous membrane associated with allergic or toxic reactions to drugs or microorganisms. Caused by immune complexes formed and deposited around dermal blood vessels, basement membranes, and keratinocytes. Known for "Bull's eye" or "target" lesions that have an erythematous region that are surrounded by rings of alternating edema and inflammation. Bullous lesions form erosions and crusts when they rupture. Affects the mouth, air passages, esophagus, urethra, and conjuctiva. The severe forms include: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (bullous form) and Toxic epidermal necrolysis. |
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Term
| What are the 6 kinds of bacterial infections? |
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Definition
| Folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, and impetigo |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infection of the hair follicle. May be seen anywhere on the skin with the exception of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They may appear as red dots that come to white tips on the chest, back, and arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Boils" that are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of infected hair follicles/ individual furuncles clustered together |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually caused by S. aureus. Can occur from a skin wound, ulcer, or from furuncles or carbuncles. |
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Term
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Definition
| An acute infection of the upper dermis. Patients develop symptoms such as fever, chills, and mailaise within 48 hours. The erythematous skin lesion enlarges rapidly and has sharply demarcated raised edges. It appears as a red, swollen, warm, hardened, and painful rash, similar in consistency to an orange peel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly contagious bacterial skin infection most commonly found in children. Caused by S. aureus. |
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Term
| What are the 6 kinds of bacterial infections? |
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Definition
| Folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, and impetigo |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial infection of the hair follicle. May be seen anywhere on the skin with the exception of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They may appear as red dots that come to white tips on the chest, back, and arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Boils" that are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of infected hair follicles/ individual furuncles clustered together |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue usually caused by S. aureus. Can occur from a skin wound, ulcer, or from furuncles or carbuncles. |
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Term
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Definition
| An acute infection of the upper dermis. Patients develop symptoms such as fever, chills, and mailaise within 48 hours. The erythematous skin lesion enlarges rapidly and has sharply demarcated raised edges. It appears as a red, swollen, warm, hardened, and painful rash, similar in consistency to an orange peel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly contagious bacterial skin infection most commonly found in children. Caused by S. aureus. |
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Term
| What are the types of viral infections? |
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Definition
| Herpes zoster and varicella and Warts |
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Term
| Herpes zoster and varicella (VZV) |
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Definition
| Also known as shingles or zona; a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. The initial infection causes an acute, short-lived illness chickenpox which generally occurs in children and young adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Diagnosed by visualization. The STD form is called Condylomata acuminata (venereal warts). |
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Term
| What are the two types of fungal infections? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi causing superficial skin lesions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mycoses caused by dermatophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Scalp fungal disorder caused by dermatophytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Groin fungal disorder caused by dermatophytes. "jock itch" |
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Term
| Tinea unguium or onychomycosis |
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Definition
| Nail fungal disorder caused by dermatophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a yeastlike fungus called Candida albicans. It is normally found on the skin, in the GI tract, and in the vagina. They change from a commensal organism to a pathogen because of moisture and warmth, systemic administration of antibodies, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, cushing disease, debilitated states, immunosuppression, age younger than 6 months, and neoplastic diseases. |
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Term
| What are the vascular disorders? |
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Definition
| Cutaneous vasculitis, Urticaria, and Scleroderma |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from immune complexes in the small blood vessels as a toxic response to drugs, bacterial infections, viral infections, or allergens. The lesions are palpable purpura that progress to hemorrhagic bullae with necrosis and ulceration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hives; Caused by a type I hypersensitivity reaction to allergens; Histamine release causes endothelial cells of the skin to contract, thus causing fluid from the vessels to leak. Treatment includes antihistamines and steroids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sclerosis of the skin that can progress to the internal organs. The disease is associated with antibodies. Lesions exhibit massive deposits of collagen with inflammation, vascular changes, and capillary dilation. Skin is hard, hypopigmented, taut, and tightly connected to underlying tissues. Facial skin becomes very tight. Fingers become tapered and flexed; nails and fingertips can be lost from atrophy. Mouth may not open completely. 50% of patients die within 5 years. |
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Term
| What are the 4 benign tumors? |
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Definition
| Seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, actinic keratosis, and nevi (moles). |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign proliferation of cutaneous basal cells that produces flat or slightly elevated lesions that may be smooth or warty in appearance. The lesions appear in various colors from light tan to black. They are round or oval, feel flat or slightly elevated, and range from very small to more than 2.5 cm. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and laser therapy are effective treatments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A benign, self-limiting tumor of squamous cell differentiation arising from hair follicles. Usually occurs on sun-damaged skin of elderly individuals and smokers. The most common are found in males and smokers. The lesions will resolve spontaneously, but they can also be removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premalignant lesion composed of aberrant proliferations of epidermal keratinocytes caused by prolonged exposure to UV rays. Most commonly seen in light-skinned individuals. The lesions appear as rough, poorly defined papules. Treatment includes freezing with liquid nitrogen, topical medications, or excisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benign pigmented or nonpigmented lesions commonly referred to as birthmarks. May undergo transition to malignant melanoma. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of cancers? |
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Definition
| Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common skin cancer in light-skinned individuals that have intense sunlight exposure. Lesions are seen on the face, neck, and areas with most intense UV exposure. Arsenic in food and water and genetic prediposition are contributing factors as well. Lesions start out as nodules (more than 5 mm) that are pearly or ivory and slightly elevated above the skin surface with small blood vessels on the surface. As the tumor grows, it has a depressed center and rolled border. The lesion grows slowly, often ulcerates, develop crusts, and is firm to the touch. If not treated, it can destroy affected area. Curable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor of the epidermis that is curable but is more malignant if not treated. UV, arsenic, immunosuppression, and light-skin are factors that play a role in the formation of this tumor. Lesions appear as keratosis, leukoplakia, or whitish discolored areas, red patches, open sores, elevated growths with a central depression or warts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of the skin originating from melanocytes. Most serious cancer. Some nevis can develop into this tumor. Use ABCDE rule for indication of biopsy. Treatment includes excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter larger than 6 mm, and Elevation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular malignancy associated with immunodeficiency states and occurs in transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Commonly see in in AIDS patients. Lesions look purplish brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules with angioproliferation. Lesion can be excised or treated with radiotherapy and cytotoxic drugs. |
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Term
| What classifies the type of burn? |
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Definition
| The depth of the injury of the partial-thickness of the burn |
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Term
| First-degree burns (superficial burns) |
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Definition
| Involve the epidermis. Painful, no blisters or edema, redness, systemic responses like headache, chills, nausea, or vomiting, and blanches with pressure. No treatment is required unless patient has severe nausea or vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes superficial partial-thickness burns and deep partial-thickness burns. Blistered and are the most painful. |
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Term
| Superficial partial-thickness second-degree burns |
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Definition
| Involve thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters that develop within a few minutes. Tactile and pain sensors remain intact without the healing process, and wound care can cause extreme pain. Wounds heal within 3 to 4 weeks. |
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Term
| Deep partial-thickness second-degree burns |
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Definition
| Burn that involves the entire dermis, sparing skin appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands. Wounds appear waxy white and take weeks to heal. Necrotic tissue is surgically removed followed by application of the person's own unburned skin from other part of the body. Healing results in hypertrophic scarring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Full-thickness burn that involves the full destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and underlying subcutaneous tissue. Wound has dry, leathery appearance, discolored, and painless due to damaged nerve endings. Hypertrophic scarring is seen. |
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Term
| What is the extent of the total body surface area (TBSA) burned measured with? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person burns their right, front thigh, how much of their body is burned? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person burns their front and back right thigh, the front of their face, and their whole right arm, how much of their body is burned? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs as a result of deep partial-thickness and third-degree burns |
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Term
| Cultured epithelial autograft |
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Definition
| One of the essential elements of survival of major burn injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin injury caused by exposure to extreme cold. Usually affects fingers, toes, ears, nose, and cheeks. The "burning reaction" is caused by alternating cycles of vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Pathophysiology includes inflammation and reperfusion. |
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Term
| What are the disorders of the hair? |
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Definition
| Male-pattern alopecia and female-pattern alopecia |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinning and loss of hair in females associated with elevated levels of serum adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. No loss of hair along the frontal hairline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized hair loss in men caused by genetically predisposed responses to androgens along with androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive follicles. |
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Term
| What are the 2 nail disorders? |
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Definition
| Paronchia and onychomycosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute or chronic infection of the cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal or dermatophyte infection of the nail plate |
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