Term
superficial mycoses
piedras |
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Definition
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Term
superficial mycoses
tineas |
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Definition
| infections involving outer layers of skin, nails, and hair |
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Term
superficial mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
removal of skin scales and infected hairs
good personal hygiene |
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Term
cutaneous mycoses
Called: dermatomycoses, ringworms, or tineas |
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Definition
| different diseases distinguished according to causative agent and area of body affected |
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Term
cutaneous mycoses
diagnosis |
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Definition
| microscopic examination of skin biopsies and culture on Sabouraud’s glucose agar |
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Term
cutaneous mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
| topical ointments and antifungal agents |
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Term
examples of cutaneous mycoses
Tinea capitis |
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Definition
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Term
examples of cutaneous mycoses
Tinea pedis |
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Definition
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Term
examples of cutaneous mycoses
Tinea unguium |
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Definition
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Term
examples of cutaneous mycoses
Tinea cruris |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
caused by inhabitants of soil
introduced in soil-contaminated puncture wounds |
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Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
diagnosis |
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Definition
| culture and examination of fungus from infected tissue |
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Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
| antifungal agents and surgical excision |
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Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
chromoblastomycosis |
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Definition
| dark brown pigmented nodules |
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Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses…
maduromycosis |
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Definition
| destroys subcutaneous tissue and produces serious deformities |
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Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses…
Sporotrichosis |
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Definition
most common in US
when spread throughout body, referred to as extracutaneous sporotrichosis |
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Term
Airborne Diseases…
cryptococcosis |
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Definition
| systemic mycosis caused by yeast Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Term
Airborne Diseases…
cryptococcosis source |
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Definition
dried pigeon droppings
inhalation |
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Term
Airborne Diseases…
Histoplasmosis |
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Definition
common lung disease
caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (dimorphic) |
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Term
Pathogenic Protists…
protozoa |
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Definition
wide distribution in nature
single-celled eukaryotic chemoorganotrophs |
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Term
Pathogenic Protists…
protozoa transmission to humans |
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Definition
protozoa – transmitted by...
arthropod vectors
food and water vehicles
direct contact |
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Term
Arthropod Borne Diseases
malaria |
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Definition
caused by four species of Plasmodium
transmitted by bite of an infected female mosquito |
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Term
malaria...
life cycle of plasmodial protists |
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Definition
sporozoite injected with mosquito bite
replicates as merozoite in hepatic cells
released, enters erythrocytes and replicates
lyses erythrocytes – correlates with fever |
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Term
Malaria…
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
periodic attacks of chills and fever
anemia can result and the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
can cause cerebral malaria in children and nonimmune individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstration of parasites within Wright- or Giemsa-stained red blood cells and serological tests |
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Term
Malaria…
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
antimalarial drugs
resistance has been observed
chemoprophylaxis for individuals traveling to endemic areas
prevention by use of bed netting and insecticides to control mosquitoes
new vaccine shows promise |
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Term
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Definition
caused by...
flagellated protists
Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, L mexicana |
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Term
Leishmaniasis...
transmitted by |
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Definition
sandflies when they take a blood meal...
animal reservoirs include canines and rodents, also blood transfusions, needles |
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Term
Leishmaniasis...
infection caused by |
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Definition
three forms of infection
mucocutaneous, cutaneous, and visceral |
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Term
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Definition
lesions of mouth, nose, throat, and skin that cause extensive scarring and disfigurement
papules that develop into crustated ulcers
healing occurs with scarring and permanent immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| involves monocyte-macrophage system |
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Term
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Definition
| observation of parasites within infected macrophages, cultural and serological tests |
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Term
Leishmaniasis…
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
antiparasite therapy
vector and reservoir control, and epidemiological surveillance |
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Term
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Definition
worldwide very common disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii
apicomplexan (nonmotile) protist
most are asymptomatic
reservoir wild rodents, birds, small mammals
fecal-oral transmission from infected animals
also by ingestion of undercooked meat, congenital transfer, blood transfusion, or tissue transplant |
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Term
Toxoplasmosis…
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
usually asymptomatic or resembles mononucleosis
encephalitis can be fatal in immunocompromised hosts
tachyzoites cross the placenta and infect fetus, causing serious congenital defects or death |
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Term
| Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery) |
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Definition
caused byamoeba histolytica
infection by ingestion of mature cysts Ent from fecally contaminated water, food or hands, or from fecal exposure during sexual contact
clinical manifestations
asymptomatic to fulminating dysentery, exhaustive diarrhea, appendicitis, and abscesses of liver, lungs, and brain |
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Term
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Definition
diagnosis
observation of trophozoites in fresh warm stools or cysts in ordinary stools, and serological tests
treatment, prevention, and control
antiprotozoal agents
avoiding contaminated water and food and hyperchlorination or iodination of water supplies to destroy waterborne |
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Term
| Amebic Meningoencephalitis |
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Definition
caused by the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba
facultative (opportunistic) parasites |
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Term
Amebic Meningoencephalitis...
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
Meningoencephalitis
amoebic encephalitis
keratitis – progressive ulceration of the cornea
diagnosis
demonstration of amoebae in clinical specimens
treatment, prevention, and control
no drug therapy available
do not use water for contact lens care |
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Term
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Definition
emerging disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum
forms cysts, sporozoites, and merozoites
sporozoites parasitize intestinal epithelial cells |
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Term
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Definition
forms cysts, sporozoites, and merozoites
sporozoites parasitize intestinal epithelial cells
transmitted from animal reservoirs in contaminated food or water
many birds and mammals shed oocysts in feces |
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Term
Cryptosporidiosis…
clinical manifestations...
diagnosis...
treatment, prevention, and contro |
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Definition
diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and fatigue
usually self-limiting
can be fatal in late stage AIDS patients and other immunocompromised individuals...
microscopic examination of stools...
symptomatic/supportive therapy
cysts very resistant to chlorine |
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Term
Giardiasis...
caused by Giardia intestinalis |
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Definition
forms cysts and trophozoites
trophozoites attach to intestinal epithelium and interfere with nutrient absorption |
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Term
Giardiasis...
transmission usually by cyst-contaminated water….most common diarrheal disease |
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Definition
numerous animal reservoirs
asymptomatic human carriers are common
more serious disease in children |
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Term
Giardiasis…
clinical manifestations...
diagnosis...
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
acute giardiasis - severe diarrhea, cramps, voluminous flatulence, and anorexia
chronic gastritis - intermittent diarrhea with periodic appearance and remission of symptoms...
observation of cysts or trophozoites in stools, and ELISA...
antiprotozoal agents
avoiding contaminated water and use of slow sand filters in processing of drinking water |
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Term
| opportunistic microorganism |
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Definition
| harmless in its normal environment but pathogenic in a compromised host |
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Term
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Definition
seriously debilitated and has lowered resistance to infection...
causes include malnutrition, alcoholism, cancer, diabetes, leukemia, another infectious disease, trauma from surgery or injury, an altered microbiota, immunosuppression by drugs, hormones, genetic deficiencies, cancer chemotherapy, and advanced age |
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Term
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Definition
| obligate intracellular fungi that belong to phylum Microspora |
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Term
Microsporidia...
reservoirs |
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Definition
| domestic and feral animals |
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Term
Microsporidia…
infection of host cell occurs when |
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Definition
| extrudes polar tubule from within the spore |
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Term
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Definition
| wide variety including hepatitis, pneumonia, skin lesions, diarrhea, weight loss, and wasting syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
based on clinical symptoms and identification of microsporidia in gram or giema-stained specimens
identification can also be made using electron microscopy or PCR |
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Term
Microsporidia…
treatment, control, and prevention |
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Definition
| treatment not well defined; some success with antifungal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Candida albicans or C. glabrata, dimorphic fungi
members of normal microbiota but numbers kept in check by other microbes
disease in healthy occurs as result of disruption of normal microbiota
can also be spread by sexual contact
wide spectrum of disease but most infections involve the skin or mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
important nosocomial pathogens
may represent up to 10% of nosocomial bloodstream infections
mortality ~50% when in bloodstream and disseminates to visceral organs |
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Term
| oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) |
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Definition
common disease of newborns who become colonized during passage through birth canal
persons with dentures and use steroids |
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Term
| paronychia and onychomycosis |
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Definition
| associated with Candida infections of the subcutaneouonychomycosis s tissues of digits and nails, respectively |
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Term
| intertriginous candidiasis |
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Definition
| involves axillae, groin, and skin folds |
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Term
| napkin (diaper) candidiasis |
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Definition
| found in infants whose diapers are not changed frequently |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when lactobacilli are depleted |
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Term
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Definition
transmission to males during intercourse
infection of glans penis; occurs primarily in uncircumcised men |
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Term
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Definition
is difficult
frequent secondary invader in other disease processes, mixed microbiota, no immunologic procedures for the identification |
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Term
candidiasis...
treatment, control, and prevention |
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Definition
no satisfactory treatment
antifungals used for cutaneous lesions and systemic candidiasis |
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Term
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Definition
caused by protist flagellate...
common sexually transmitted disease
clinical manifestations
accumulation of leukocytes at site of infection
in females, results in yellow purulent vaginal discharge and itching
in males, usually asymptomatic or burning urination
diagnosis
observation of parasite in vaginal discharge, semen, or urine
treatment, prevention, and control
antiparasite therapy |
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