Term
| Male gametophyte in angiosperms (image) |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What constitutes the male gametophyte in angiosperms? |
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Definition
| pollen (always two-cell), develops from microspores within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers |
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Term
| 2. What constitutes the female gametophyte in angiosperms? |
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Definition
| Embryo Sac consisting of antipodal cells, a central cell, synergids, and an egg; develops within an ovule, megaspores are produced by meiosis and develop into the embryo sac |
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Term
| Female Gametophyte in angiosperms (image) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. What does a fertilized ovule develop into? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. What does an ovary develop into (after fertilization) in angiosperms? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. List the four modified leaves that make up a flower and give the function of each. |
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Definition
| sepals(protect), petals(attract pollinators), stamens(male reproductive structure), carpels (female reproductive structure) |
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Term
| 6. Be familiar with the life cycle of angiosperms. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Understand the relationships among microsporangia, microsporocytes, microspores, and male gametophytes in angiosperms. |
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Definition
| within the anthers, Microsporangium produces a microsporocyte which undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores which each undergo mitosis to create a male gametophyte in the form of a haploid pollen grain |
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Term
| 8. Understand the relationships among megasporangia, megasporocytes, megaspores, and female gametophytes in angiosperms. |
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Definition
| Within the ovule, megasporangium produce a megasporocyte which undergoes meiosis to produce a megaspore which undergoes mitosis to produce a female gametphyte consisting of an embryo sac with 3 antipodal cellsm 2 polar nucleim an egg, and 2 synergids |
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Term
| 9. What are the 8 nuclei that make up an embryo sac, and what are the functions of the various nuclei? |
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Definition
| 1 egg, 2 Synergids (attract pollen tube, also backup egg) next to the egg, two in the middle are polar nuclei in the central cell (combine with a sperm to form a 3n endosperm), antipodals on top with unknown function |
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Term
| 8 nuclei of an embro sac with functions (image) |
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Definition
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Term
| a. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by wind: |
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Definition
| inconspicuous flowers, excess of pollen produced to compensate for randomness of pollen spread |
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Term
| b.What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by water: |
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Definition
| aquatic plants- pollen can float, sporopollenin is very resistant to water |
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Term
| c. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by beetles: |
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Definition
| fruity scent, white or purple flowers, landing platform, thermogenic plants (produce a lot of heat) |
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Term
| d. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by bees: |
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Definition
| UV nectar guides (reflection of UV radiation creates color pattern that guides insect to nectar), bees don’t like red flowers because it looks black |
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Term
| e. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by butterflies: |
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Definition
| tubular flower, sweet scent |
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Term
| f. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by moths: |
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Definition
| open at night, white or bright purple |
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Term
| g. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by flies: |
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Definition
| carrion flowers that smell like rotten meat |
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Term
| h. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by wasps: |
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Definition
| each species of orchid pollinated by a specific species of wasp = reproduction mimic |
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Term
| i. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by birds: |
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Definition
| all birds need a rich nectar source; hummingbirds - red tubular flowers |
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Term
| j. What characteristics of flowers would make them most likely to be pollinated by bats: |
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Definition
| open at night (bloom at night), large flowers so bat head can fit, usually white or cream colored |
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Term
| 11. Explain what happens during double fertilization. |
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Definition
| discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac, one sperm fertilizes the egg forming a diploid zygote, other 2 sperms combine with the polar nuclei, giving rise to a triploid food-storing endosperm; each ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into aa fruit enclosing the seed |
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Term
| 12. Describe the basic structure of a seed. |
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Definition
| embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective seed coat |
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Term
| Basic structure of a seed (Image) |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What happens to the endosperm in most eudicot seeds? |
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Definition
| converted to cotyledons (1st leaves) |
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Term
| 14. What directly nourishes the developing embryo in most eudicot seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. What directly nourishes the developing embryo in most monocot seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. Why is seed dormancy considered an evolutionary advantage? |
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Definition
| increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling |
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Term
| Basic Structure & Function of a Seed |
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Definition
| develops from the ovary, protects the enclosed seed and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals. Dry fruit- ovary dries at maturity, fleshy fruit - ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity |
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Term
| a. Describe the basic structure and developmental origin, and give two examples of simple fruit: |
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Definition
| single carpel or several fused carpels, ex: sunflowers, wild banana |
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Term
| b. Describe the basic structure and developmental origin, and give two examples of aggregate fruit: |
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Definition
| single flower with multiple, separate carpels, ex: rasberries, blackberries |
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Term
| c. Describe the basic structure and developmental origin, and give two examples of multiple fruit: |
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Definition
| group of flowers (inflorescence), ovaries fuse into a single fruit, ex: pineapple |
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Term
| a. What structural adaptations of fruits would make them most likely to be dispersed by water: |
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Definition
| water-proof outer fruit, buoyant (float) |
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Term
| b. What structural adaptations of fruits would make them most likely to be dispersed by wind: |
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Definition
| winged or fluffy structure to be picked up in the wind |
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Term
| c. What structural adaptations of fruits would make them most likely to be dispersed by carried on an animal’s fur: |
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Definition
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Term
| d. What structural adaptations of fruits would make them most likely to be dispersed by being eaten by animals (that would later poop out the seeds away from the parent plant): |
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Definition
| little seeds in a soft, fleshy fruit, ants carry seeds with food bodies for feeding young and seeds are left over |
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Term
| e: What structural adaptations of fruits would make them most likely to be dispersed by being picked up by an animal and buried for eating at a later time: |
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Definition
| attractive to the animals for later use |
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Term
| 19. List the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction in angiosperms. |
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Definition
| advantages: requires only one parent, no need for a pollinator, can be beneficial to a successful plant in a stable environment; disadvantages" vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change |
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Term
| 20. List the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. |
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Definition
| advantages: genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible, seed dispersal, seed dormacy; disadvantages: requires two parents (and possibly pollinators), seedlings are more vulnerable than vegitative propagules (pieces) |
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Term
| 21. Cite four mechanisms that prevent (or greatly reduce) self-fertilization in angiosperms. |
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Definition
| Dioceious - species have male and female flowers on separate plant; monoecious- separate male and female flowers on the same plant; stamens and carpels mature at different times, or are arranged to prevent self-pollination; self-incompatibility: plants genetic ability to reject its own pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks one or more of the four floral organs: sepals, petal, stamens, and carpels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Generative cell (of a pollen grain): |
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Definition
| formed by male reproductive structure (anther), produces 2 sperm, one unites wih polar nuclei to form endosperm and other unites with egg to form the embryo |
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Term
| Tube cell (of a pollen grain): |
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Definition
| formed by male reproductive structure (anther), produces the pollen tube to transfer sperm to the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers sperm to the egg, formed by a male tube cel |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, does not gauruntee fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutritive Tissue in an embryo sac |
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Term
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Definition
| First leaves that form from the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries, ex: apples and pears where the core is the ovary and the fleshy part is a receptacle |
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Term
| Fragmentation (as related to asexual reproduction in angiosperms): |
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Definition
| separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole new plants |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction of seeds without fertilization, ex: dandelions |
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Term
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Definition
| coevolved traits of pollinators and flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| no living organisim envolved, |
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Term
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Definition
| The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style. It may occur singly or as one of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen producing (male) reproductive organ of a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| protect the petals from over opening during flowering |
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