Term
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Definition
| The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner portion of the adrenal gland, located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| The efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganlionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Ganglion Chain |
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Definition
| One of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy. |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's vegetative functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nodules on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| An axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve. |
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Term
| Cauda Equina (Horse's Tail) |
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Definition
| A bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla. |
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Term
| Medulla Oblongata (Oblong Marrow) |
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Definition
| The most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the Cauda equina. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. |
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Term
| Cerebellar Penduncle (Little Feet) |
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Definition
| One of the three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum. |
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Term
| Cerebellum (Little Brain) |
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Definition
| A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and myelencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to the motor neurons in the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Periaqueductal Gray Matter |
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Definition
| The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
| The "stem" of the brain, from the medulla to the midbrain, excluding the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum. |
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Term
| Posterior Pituaitary Gland |
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Definition
| The posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormone-like substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; important parts of the motor system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another regions. |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fivers from the retina and projects fivers to the primary visual cortex. |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleus of the thalamus that receives inputs from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of species-typical behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge ("limbus") of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei,; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
| Sensory Association Corex |
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Definition
| Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it. |
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Term
| Subventricular Zone (SVZ) |
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Definition
| A layer of progenitor cells located just inside the ventricular zone; thicker in mammals with large brains. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in the embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system. |
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Term
| Obstructive Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| A condition in which all or some of the brain's ventricles are enlarged; caused by an obstruction that impedes the normal flow of CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and inner pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground. |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| A clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice though the brain parallel to the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| With respect to the central nervous system, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through the brain parallel to the forehead. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on the opposite side of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on the same side of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the middle of the body, away from the side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the side of the body, away from the medial. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Toward the bak"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Toward the tail"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Toward the beak"; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face. |
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Term
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Definition
| With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain. |
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