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Chapter 37
Paramedic: Orthopaedic Trauma
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03/14/2013

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Term
What is the fibrous portion of muscle that attach to bone?
Definition
Tendons 1754
Term
What is the point at which two or more bones articulate, or come together?
Definition
Joint 1754
Term
What is the process of generating blood cells?
Definition
Hematopoiesis 1754
Term
What is the integrated structure formed by the 206 bones of the body?
Definition
Skeleton 1755
Term
What is composed of the bones of the central part, or axis, of the body; its divisions include the vertebral column, skull, ribs, and sternum?
Definition
Axial Skeleton 1755
Term
What is composed of the cranium, basilar skull, face, and inner ear?
Definition
The Skull 1755
Term
What is composed of 33 vertebrae?
Definition
The Spine 1755
Term
What is formed by the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs?
Definition
The Thorax 1755
Term
What is divided into the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the bones of the upper and lower extremities?
Definition
The Appendicular Skeleton 1755
Term
What is the shoulder girdle?
Definition
Pectoral Girdle 1755
Term
What is the large bone that arises in the area of the last nine vertebrae and sweeps around to form a complete ring?
Definition
Pelvic Girdle 1755
Term
What is also referred to as the shoulder blade?
Definition
Scapula 1755
Term
What is a flat, triangular bone held to the rib cage posteriorly by powerful muscles that buffer it against injury?
Definition
Scapula 1755
Term
What is also referred to as the collar bone?
Definition
Clavicle 1755
Term
What is a slender, S-shaped bone attached by ligaments at the medial end to the sternum and at the lateral end to the raised tip of the scapula, called the acromion?
Definition
Clavicle 1755
Term
What is the lateral extension of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder?
Definition
Acromion 1755
Term
What is a bone that articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the bones of the forearm-the radius and ulna-to form the hinged elbow joint?
Definition
The Humerus 1755-1756
Term
What is the larger of the 2 forearm bones, lies on the thumb side of the forearm?
Definition
The Radius 1756
Term
What is the narrow bone and is on the little-finger side of the forearm?
Definition
Ulna 1756
Term
What is the act of turning the palm of the hand backward or downward, performed by internal rotation of the forearm?
Definition
Pronation 1756
Term
What is to turn the forearm laterally so that the palm faces forward (if standing) or upward (if lying supine)?
Definition
Supination 1756
Term
What is the lowermost dorsal bone of the pelvis?
Definition
Ischium 1756
Term
What is the broad, uppermost bone of the pelvis?
Definition
Ilium 1756
Term
What is one of 2 bones that form the anterior portion of the pelvic ring?
Definition
Pubis 1756
Term
What is the points of attachment of the ilium to the sacrum?
Definition
Sacroiliac Joint 1756
Term
What is the midline articulation of the pubic bones?
Definition
Pubic Symphysis 1756
Term
What is also referred to as the thighbone?
Definition
The Femur 1756
Term
What is a long, powerful bone that articulates proximally in the ball-in-socket joint of the pelvis and distally in the hinge joint of the knee?
Definition
The Femur 1756
Term
What is the cup-shaped cavity in which the rounded head of the femur rotates?
Definition
Acetabulum 1756
Term
What is a common site for fractures, generally referred to as hip fractures, especially in the older population?
Definition
The Femoral Neck 1756
Term
What is also referred to as the shinbone?
Definition
The Tibia 1757
Term
What is the kneecap?
Definition
Patella 1757
Term
What is not a component of the knee joint, but it does make up the lateral border of the ankle joint (lateral malleolus) at its distal articulation?
Definition
The Fibula 1757
Term
What is the large, rounded, bony protuberance on either side of the ankle joint?
Definition
Malleolus 1757
Term
What are the 3 sets of bones that make up the hand?
Definition
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 1756
Term
What are the wrist bones?
Definition
Carpals 1756
Term
What are the hand bones?
Definition
Metacarpals 1756
Term
What are the finger bones?
Definition
Phalanges 1756
Term
What are the 3 classes of bones that make up the foot?
Definition
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 1757
Term
What are the ankle bones?
Definition
Tarsals 1757
Term
What are the foot bones?
Definition
Metatarsals 1757
Term
What are the toe bones?
Definition
Phalanges 1757
Term
What is the heel bone?
Definition
Calcaneus 1757
Term
What is subject to injury when a person falls from height and lands on the feet?
Definition
The Calcaneus 1757
Term
What bones are longer than they are wide?
Definition
Long Bones 1757
Term
What kind of bone are the femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, and ulna?
Definition
Long Bones 1757
Term
What bones are nearly as wide as they are long?
Definition
Short Bones 1757
Term
What kind of bones are phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals?
Definition
Short Bones 1757
Term
What bones do not fit into one of the categories but rather have a shape that is designed to perform a specific function?
Definition
Irregular Bones 1757
Term
What kind of bones are the vertebral column and the mandible?
Definition
Irregular Bones 1757
Term
What bones are generally found in proximity to a joint and help with movement?
Definition
Round Bones 1757
Term
What is the largest of the round bones?
Definition
The patella 1757
Term
What is the growth plate in long bones?
Definition
Physis 1757
Term
What is tough, elastic substance that covers opposable surfaces of moveable joints and form part of the skeleton?
Definition
Cartilage 1757
Term
What is the location where 2 or more bones meet or joints?
Definition
Articulations 1757
Term
What is the shaft of the long bone?
Definition
Diaphysis 1757
Term
What is the end region of a long bone extending between the metaphysis and the articulate (joint) surface?
Definition
Epiphysis 1757
Term
What is the region of the long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis?
Definition
Metaphysis 1757
Term
What is the fibrous tissue that covers bone?
Definition
Periosteum 1757
Term
What is the hollow inner portion of the shaft?
Definition
Medullary Canal 1758
Term
What is the inner lining of a hollow bone?
Definition
Endosteum 1758
Term
What is a hormone in women that helps promote bone formation?
Definition
Estrogen 1758
Term
What is a significant decrease in bone density?
Definition
Osteoporosis 1758
Term
What is a degenerative condition that causes a reduced range of motion in the joints?
Definition
Arthritis 1758
Term
What is movement away from the midline of the body?
Definition
Abduction 1758
Term
What is movement toward the midline of the body?
Definition
Adduction 1758
Term
What kind of joints are the bones of the skull and the distal tibiofibular joint?
Definition
Fibrous Joints, Synarthroses, or Fused Joints 1758
Term
What are fibrous joints also referred to as?
Definition
Synarthroses or Fused Joints 1758
Term
What are cartilaginous joints also referred to as?
Definition
Amphiarthroses 1758
Term
What kind of joints are the pubic symphysis and the joints connecting the ribs to the sternum?
Definition
Cartilaginous or Amphiarthroses Joints 1758
Term
What are synovial joints also referred to as?
Definition
Diarthroses 1758
Term
What are the joints that contain dense fibrous tissues and allow for no motion?
Definition
Fibrous Joints 1758
Term
What are joints that are spanned completely by cartilage and allow for minimal motion?
Definition
Cartilage Joints 1758
Term
What are joints the permit movement of the component bones?
Definition
Synovial Joints 1758
Term
What is a saclike envelope that encloses the cavity of a synovial joint?
Definition
Joint Capsule 1758
Term
What is a tough band of tissue that connects bone to bone around a joint or support internal organs within the body?
Definition
Ligaments 1758
Term
What is the lining of a joint that secrets synovial fluid into the joint space?
Definition
Synovial Membrane 1758
Term
What is a padlike sac or cavity located within the connect tissue, usually in proximity to a joint?
Definition
Bursa 1758
Term
What is the bursa of the elbow?
Definition
Olecranon Bursa 1758
Term
What is the bursa of the knee?
Definition
Prepatellar Bursa 1758
Term
What is inflammation of a bursa?
Definition
Bursitis 1758
Term
What is flat or cordlike bands of connective tissue that are white and have a glistening appearance?
Definition
Tendons 1759
Term
What connect bone to bone and help maintain the stability of joints and determine the degree of joint motion?
Definition
Ligaments 1759
Term
What inelastic bands of connective tissue have a structure similar to that of tendons?
Definition
Ligaments 1759
Term
What consists of fibers of collagen embedded in a gelatinous substance?
Definition
Cartilage 1759
Term
What flexible connective tissue forms the smooth surface over bone ends where they articulate?
Definition
Cartilage 1759
Term
What are composed of specialized cells that contract (shorten) when stimulated to exert force on a part of the body?
Definition
Muscles 1759
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Definition
Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth 1759
Term
What are muscles that can be controlled by a person?
Definition
Voluntary Muscles 1759
Term
What muscle is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint?
Definition
Skeletal Muscle 1759
Term
What is shrinking or wasting away of tissue?
Definition
Atrophy 1759
Term
What is an increase in size?
Definition
Hypertrophy 1759
Term
How much does skeletal muscle account for normal body weight?
Definition
40-50% 1759
Term
What is a metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen?
Definition
Lactic Acid 1761
Term
What is the condition that arises when a muscle depletes its supply of energy?
Definition
Muscle Fatigue 1761
Term
What are the nerve fibers that transmit impulses to a muscle?
Definition
Somatic Motor Neurons 1761
Term
What is the process of signaling additional muscle fibers to contract to create a more forceful contraction?
Definition
Recruitment 1761
Term
Where does the innervation of the upper extremities arise from?
Definition
Brachial Plexus 1761
Term
What is formed by a network of nerves that originate from the spinal cord at the C5-T1 levels?
Definition
Brachial Plexus 1761
Term
Where provides the innervation of the lower extremities?
Definition
Lumbar and Lumbosacral Plexus 1761
Term
What are formed by the spinal nerves that originate from L1-S4?
Definition
Lumbar and Lumbosacral Plexus 1761
Term
What is the artery that travels from the aorta to each upper extremity?
Definition
Subclavian Artery 1761
Term
What is the armpit?
Definition
Axilla 1761
Term
What is the artery that runs through the axilla, connecting the subclavian artery to the brachial artery?
Definition
Axillary Artery 1761
Term
What is the artery that runs through the arm and branches into the radial and ulnar arteries?
Definition
Brachial Artery 1761
Term
What is the artery pertaining to the wrist?
Definition
Radial artery 1762
Term
What is the artery of the forearm that travels along the medial aspect?
Definition
Ulnar Artery 1762
Term
What are the arteries that supply blood to the fingers and toes?
Definition
Digital Arteries 1762
Term
What is the main artery supplying the thigh and leg?
Definition
Femoral Artery 1762
Term
What is the artery in the area or space behind the knee joint?
Definition
Popliteal Artery 1762
Term
What is the artery that travels through the calf muscles to the plantar aspect of the foot?
Definition
Posterior Tibial Artery 1762
Term
What is the artery that travels through the anterior muscles of the leg and continues to the foot as the dorsalis pedis?
Definition
Anterior Tibial Artery 1762
Term
What is referring to the back or posterior side of the body or an organ?
Definition
Dorsal 1762
Term
What is referring to the sole of the foot?
Definition
Plantar 1762
Term
What occurs when a medical condition causes the bone to become abnormally weak?
Definition
Pathologic Fracture 1763
Term
What occurs when a force is applied to one region of the body but causes an injury in another region of the body?
Definition
Indirect Injury 1764
Term
What are injuries that commonly occur during athletic activities in which an extremity rotates around a planted foot or hand?
Definition
Twisting Injuries 1764
Term
What are fractures that result from multiple compressive loads?
Definition
Fatigue or March Fractures 1764
Term
What is a break or rupture in the bone?
Definition
Fracture 1764
Term
What are bone-forming cells that come from the marrow?
Definition
Osteoblasts 1765
Term
What play a role by invading the fracture site and allowing a callus to form?
Definition
Osteoblast 1765
Term
What is new bone?
Definition
Osteoid 1765
Term
What is the process of building new bone and dead bone being removed?
Definition
Remodeling 1765
Term
What is the presence of an abnormal angle or bend in an extremity?
Definition
Angulation 1765
Term
What is any break in a bone in which the overlying skin has been damaged?
Definition
Open Fracture 1765
Term
What is an open fracture; a fracture beneath an open wound?
Definition
Compound Fracture 1765
Term
What is a fracture in which the skin is not broken?
Definition
Closed Fracture 1765
Term
What may the blood loss exceed in a closed femur fracture before enough pressure develops to tamponade the bleeding?
Definition
1 Liter 1765
Term
What is one of the most reliable signs of a fracture?
Definition
Deformity 1765
Term
What occurs in fractures when the broken ends of a bone override one another?
Definition
Shortening 1765
Term
What is the primary symptom of a fracture?
Definition
Pain 1765
Term
What is a grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends touching, over the broken bone ends?
Definition
Crepitus 1766
Term
What is a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of a bone?
Definition
Linear Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture that runs in a straight line from one edge of the bone to the other and that is perpendicular to each edge?
Definition
Transverse Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture that travels diagonally from one side of the bone to the other?
Definition
Oblique Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture in a bone that appears like a spring on a radiograph?
Definition
Spiral Fracture 1766
Term
What is a broken bone in which the end of one bone becomes wedged into another bone?
Definition
Impacted Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture in which the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces?
Definition
Comminuted Fracture 1766
Term
What is a bone that is broken in more than one place?
Definition
Segmental Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture in which the bone is broken into 2 or more completely separate pieces?
Definition
Complete Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture in which the bone does not fully break?
Definition
Incomplete Fracture 1766
Term
What is a type of fracture occurring most frequently in children in which there is incomplete breakage of the bone?
Definition
Greenstick Fracture 1766
Term
What is a common incomplete fracture in children in which the cortex of the bone fractures from an excessive compression force?
Definition
Buckle or Torus Fracture 1766
Term
What is an incomplete fracture typically occurring in children in which the bone becomes bent as the result of compressive force?
Definition
Bowing Fracture 1766
Term
What is a fracture that results from exaggerated stress on the bone caused by unusually rapid muscle development?
Definition
Stress Fracture 1766
Term
What is a break in which the bone remains aligned in its normal position?
Definition
Nondisplaced Fracture 1767
Term
What is a break in which the ends of the fractured bone move out of their normal positions?
Definition
Displaced Fracture 1767
Term
What is the overlap of a bone that occurs from the muscle spasm that follows a fracture, leading to a decrease in the length of the bone?
Definition
Overriding 1767
Term
What is an injury that results from a force that tries to increase the length of a body part or separate one body part from another?
Definition
Distraction Injury 1767
Term
What is trabecular or spongy bone?
Definition
Cancellous Bone 1767
Term
What is a fracture that occurs when a piece of bone is torn free at the site of attachment of a tendon or ligament?
Definition
Avulsion Fracture 1767
Term
What is a fracture in which the broken region of the bone is pushed deeper into the body than the remaining intact bone?
Definition
Depression Fracture 1767
Term
What are the movement of an extremity at a joint in a particular direction?
Definition
Range of Motion (ROM) 1767
Term
What is the displacement of a bone from its normal position within a joint?
Definition
Dislocation 1767
Term
What occurs when a body part moves beyond its normal range of motion and the articular surfaces are no longer intact?
Definition
Dislocation 1767
Term
What is a partial dislocation of a joint?
Definition
Subluxation 1768
Term
What is a complete dislocation?
Definition
Luxation 1768
Term
What is an increase in the distance between the two sides of a joint?
Definition
Diastasis 1768
Term
What is the loss of the nerve supply, blood supply, or both to a region of the body, typically distal to a site of injury?
Definition
Neurovascular Compromise 1768
Term
What are injuries in which ligaments are stretched or torn?
Definition
Sprains 1768
Term
What is an injury to a muscle and/or tendon that results from a violent muscle contraction or from excessive stretching?
Definition
Strain (Pulled Muscle) 1768
Term
What is the separation of a limb or other body part from the remainder of the body?
Definition
Amputation 1769
Term
What is a smooth or jagged cut caused by a sharp object or a blunt force that tears the tissue?
Definition
Laceration 1769
Term
What are areas where cartilage is transformed through calcification into a new area of bone?
Definition
Ossification Centers 1779
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