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Definition
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Definition
| a belowground portion of plants that anchors the plant & takes in water & nutrients from the soil |
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| an aboveground portion of plants that harvests light & carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce sugars |
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Definition
| a vertical part of a root system |
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Definition
| parts of root systems that run more or less horizontally |
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Term
| 2 things shown by root system studies |
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Definition
1. the roots of trees routinely extend beyond the width of their aboveground canopy
2. it is not unusual for a plant's root system to represent over 80 percent of its total mass |
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Term
| 3 levels of diversity among plant root systems |
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Definition
1. morphological diversity among species
2. phenotypic plasticity, or changes in the structure of an individual's root system in response to the environment
3. modified roots that are specialized for unusual functions |
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Definition
| seed plants that lack woody tissue |
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| their form is changeable, depending on environmental conditions |
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Definition
| they develop from an unusual source, the shoot system instead of the root system |
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| 2 examples of adventitious roots |
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Definition
1. ivy: anchor individuals to brick walls or other structures (anchor roots)
2. corn: brace individuals in windy weather (prop roots) |
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Definition
| allow gas exchange between roots & atmosphere |
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Definition
| vertical aboveground structures |
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| where leaves are attached |
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| an appendage that projects from the stem laterally |
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| axillary (or lateral) buds |
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Definition
| form just above the site of leaf attachment |
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Definition
| a lateral extension of the shoot system |
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Definition
| where growth occurs that extends the length of the stem or branch |
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Term
| why do woody individuals that grow tall get favored by natural selection in lush habitats? |
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Definition
| competition for light is intense |
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Term
| why do individuals with short stems or rosettes thrive in dry, windblown habitats? |
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Definition
| they require less water than taller individuals & they don't blow over |
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Term
| example of modified stem: water-storage structures |
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Definition
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Term
| example of modified stem: stolons |
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Definition
| strawberry stolons produce new individuals at nodes aboveground |
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Term
| purpose of modified stem: rhizomes |
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Definition
| rhizomes produce new individuals at nodes belowground, & store carbohydrates |
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Term
| example of modified stem: tubers |
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Definition
| tubers such as potatoes store carbohydrates such as starch |
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Term
| purpose of modified stem: thorns |
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Definition
| thorns provide protection from herbivores |
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Definition
| modified stems that grow horizontally along the soil surface, producing adventitious roots & leaves at each node |
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Definition
| underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs |
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Definition
| expanded portion of a leaf |
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Definition
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Definition
| the evaporative process through which leaves lose water |
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Term
| 4 examples of leaf arrangement on a stem |
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Definition
1. arranged to alternate on either side of the stem
2. paired opposite each other on the stem
3. arranged in a whorl
4. found in a compact basal arrangement where internodes are extremely short - leading to rosette growth form |
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Term
| sun leaves VS shade leaves |
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Definition
sun: thicker & have a relatively small surface area, which reduces water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant
shade: relatively thing & broad, providing a high surface area that maximizes absorption of rare photons |
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Term
| example of modified leaf: bulbs |
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Definition
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| example of modified leaf: succulent leaves |
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Definition
| aloe vera leaves store water |
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Term
| example of modified leaf: tendrils |
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Definition
| pea tendrils aid in climbing |
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Term
| example of modified leaf: floral mimics |
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Definition
| red poinsettia leaves attract pollinators |
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Term
| example of modified leaf: traps |
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Definition
| pitcher plant leaves trap entering insects, which are discouraged from flying out by the "hood", then are digested |
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Definition
| modified leaves that protect the stem |
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Definition
| populations of undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis & produce new cells |
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Term
| location of apical meristems |
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Definition
| located at the tip of each root & shoot |
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Term
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Definition
| as cells in apical meristems divide, enlarge, & differentiate, root & shoot tips extend the plant body outward, allowing it to explore new space |
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Term
| 3 populations of primary meristem cells |
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Definition
1. protoderm: gives rise to the dermal tissue system (AKA epidermis)
2. ground meristem: gives rise to the ground tissue system
3. procambium: gives rise to the vascular tissue system |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of cells that function as a unit |
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Term
| dermal tissue system (epidermis) |
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Definition
| a single layer of cells that covers the plant body & protects it |
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Definition
| makes up the bulk of the plant body & is responsible for photosynthesis & storage |
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Definition
| provides support & transports water, nutrients, & photosynthetic products between the root system & shoot system |
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Definition
| a group of cells that protects the apical meristem |
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Term
| three populations of cells that exist behind the root cap |
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Definition
1. zone of cellular division
2. zone of cellular elongation
3. zone of cellular maturation |
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Term
| zone of cellular division |
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Definition
| contains the apical meristem, where cells are actively dividing, along with the protoderm, ground meristem, & procambium, where additional cell division occurs |
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Term
| zone of cellular elongation |
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Definition
| made up of cells that are recently derived from the primary meristematic tissues & that increase in length |
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Term
| zone of cellular maturation |
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Definition
| where older cells complete their differentiation into dermal, vascular, & ground tissues |
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Definition
| the outgrowths produced by epidermal cells |
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Definition
| groups of vascular tissues that form strands running the length of the stem |
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Definition
| the ground tissue that is inside the vascular bundles |
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Definition
| the ground tissue that is outside the vascular bundles |
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Term
| 3 features of plant cells that are absent in animal cells |
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Definition
1. all plant cells are surrounded by a stiff, cellulose-rich cell wall that supports the cell & defines its shape
2. the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is often connected via plasmodesmata
3. plant cells often contain several types of organelles that are not found in animals - specifically chloroplasts & a large, membrane-bound organelle called a vacuole, which fills most of the cell's volume |
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Definition
| the site of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| store wastes & in some cases also digest wastes, as do animal lysosomes |
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Definition
| the aqueous solution contained in vacuoles |
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Definition
| a waxy layer that forms a continuous sheet on the surface |
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Definition
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Definition
| allow carbon dioxide to enter photosynthetically active tissues |
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Definition
| change shape to open or close an opening in the epidermis |
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Definition
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Definition
| hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells |
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Term
| 4 things that trichomes may do |
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Definition
1. keep the leaf surface cool by reflecting sunlight
2. reduce water loss by forming a dense mat that limits transpiration
3. provide barbs or store toxic compounds that thwart herbivores
4. trap & digest insects |
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Term
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Definition
| have relatively thin cell walls & are most abundant & versatile plant cells |
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Definition
| parenchyma cells that retain the capacity to divide & develop into a complete, mature plant |
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Definition
| a mass of undifferentiated cells |
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Definition
| have cell walls that are thicker in some areas than others & their overall shape is longer & thinner than that of parenchyma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| produce a thick secondary cell wall in addition to the relatively thin primary cell way found in all cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what is in the secondary cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of sclerenchyma cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| extremely elongated sclerenchyma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively short, have variable shapes, & often function in protection sclerenchyma cells |
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Term
| 2 complex tissues in the vascular system |
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Definition
1. xylem: conducts water & dissolved ions in one direction (from the root system to the shoot system)
2. phloem: conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals, & other substances in two directions (from roots to shoots & from shoots to roots) |
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Term
| 2 important cell types in xylem tissue |
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Definition
1. tracheids: water-conducting cells
2. vessel elements: conducting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in the secondary cell wall where only the primary cell is present |
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Definition
| openings that lack both primary & secondary cell walls |
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| 2 specialized types of parenchyma cells that make up phloem |
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Definition
1. sieve-tube elements: long, thin cells that have perforated ends called sieve plates; transport sugars & other nutrients
2. companion cells: provide materials to maintain the cytoplasm & plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements |
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Definition
| increases the width of the plant body |
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