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Chapter 37
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
85
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/12/2013

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Term
indeterminate growth
Definition
growth throughout life
Term
root system
Definition
a belowground portion of plants that anchors the plant & takes in water & nutrients from the soil
Term
shoot system
Definition
an aboveground portion of plants that harvests light & carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce sugars
Term
taproot
Definition
a vertical part of a root system
Term
lateral roots
Definition
parts of root systems that run more or less horizontally
Term
2 things shown by root system studies
Definition
1. the roots of trees routinely extend beyond the width of their aboveground canopy
2. it is not unusual for a plant's root system to represent over 80 percent of its total mass
Term
3 levels of diversity among plant root systems
Definition
1. morphological diversity among species
2. phenotypic plasticity, or changes in the structure of an individual's root system in response to the environment
3. modified roots that are specialized for unusual functions
Term
herbaceous plants
Definition
seed plants that lack woody tissue
Term
perennial
Definition
live for many years
Term
phenotypic plasticity
Definition
their form is changeable, depending on environmental conditions
Term
adventitious roots
Definition
they develop from an unusual source, the shoot system instead of the root system
Term
2 examples of adventitious roots
Definition
1. ivy: anchor individuals to brick walls or other structures (anchor roots)
2. corn: brace individuals in windy weather (prop roots)
Term
pneumatophores
Definition
allow gas exchange between roots & atmosphere
Term
stems
Definition
vertical aboveground structures
Term
nodes
Definition
where leaves are attached
Term
internodes
Definition
segments between nodes
Term
leaf
Definition
an appendage that projects from the stem laterally
Term
axillary (or lateral) buds
Definition
form just above the site of leaf attachment
Term
branch
Definition
a lateral extension of the shoot system
Term
apical bud
Definition
where growth occurs that extends the length of the stem or branch
Term
why do woody individuals that grow tall get favored by natural selection in lush habitats?
Definition
competition for light is intense
Term
why do individuals with short stems or rosettes thrive in dry, windblown habitats?
Definition
they require less water than taller individuals & they don't blow over
Term
example of modified stem: water-storage structures
Definition
cactus stems store water
Term
example of modified stem: stolons
Definition
strawberry stolons produce new individuals at nodes aboveground
Term
purpose of modified stem: rhizomes
Definition
rhizomes produce new individuals at nodes belowground, & store carbohydrates
Term
example of modified stem: tubers
Definition
tubers such as potatoes store carbohydrates such as starch
Term
purpose of modified stem: thorns
Definition
thorns provide protection from herbivores
Term
stolons
Definition
modified stems that grow horizontally along the soil surface, producing adventitious roots & leaves at each node
Term
tubers
Definition
underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs
Term
herbivores
Definition
plant eaters
Term
blade
Definition
expanded portion of a leaf
Term
petiole
Definition
stalk portion of a leaf
Term
transpiration
Definition
the evaporative process through which leaves lose water
Term
4 examples of leaf arrangement on a stem
Definition
1. arranged to alternate on either side of the stem
2. paired opposite each other on the stem
3. arranged in a whorl
4. found in a compact basal arrangement where internodes are extremely short - leading to rosette growth form
Term
sun leaves VS shade leaves
Definition
sun: thicker & have a relatively small surface area, which reduces water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant
shade: relatively thing & broad, providing a high surface area that maximizes absorption of rare photons
Term
example of modified leaf: bulbs
Definition
onion leaves store food
Term
example of modified leaf: succulent leaves
Definition
aloe vera leaves store water
Term
example of modified leaf: tendrils
Definition
pea tendrils aid in climbing
Term
example of modified leaf: floral mimics
Definition
red poinsettia leaves attract pollinators
Term
example of modified leaf: traps
Definition
pitcher plant leaves trap entering insects, which are discouraged from flying out by the "hood", then are digested
Term
spines
Definition
modified leaves that protect the stem
Term
meristems
Definition
populations of undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis & produce new cells
Term
location of apical meristems
Definition
located at the tip of each root & shoot
Term
primary growth
Definition
as cells in apical meristems divide, enlarge, & differentiate, root & shoot tips extend the plant body outward, allowing it to explore new space
Term
3 populations of primary meristem cells
Definition
1. protoderm: gives rise to the dermal tissue system (AKA epidermis)
2. ground meristem: gives rise to the ground tissue system
3. procambium: gives rise to the vascular tissue system
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of cells that function as a unit
Term
dermal tissue system (epidermis)
Definition
a single layer of cells that covers the plant body & protects it
Term
ground tissue system
Definition
makes up the bulk of the plant body & is responsible for photosynthesis & storage
Term
vascular tissue system
Definition
provides support & transports water, nutrients, & photosynthetic products between the root system & shoot system
Term
root cap
Definition
a group of cells that protects the apical meristem
Term
three populations of cells that exist behind the root cap
Definition
1. zone of cellular division
2. zone of cellular elongation
3. zone of cellular maturation
Term
zone of cellular division
Definition
contains the apical meristem, where cells are actively dividing, along with the protoderm, ground meristem, & procambium, where additional cell division occurs
Term
zone of cellular elongation
Definition
made up of cells that are recently derived from the primary meristematic tissues & that increase in length
Term
zone of cellular maturation
Definition
where older cells complete their differentiation into dermal, vascular, & ground tissues
Term
root hairs
Definition
the outgrowths produced by epidermal cells
Term
vascular bundles
Definition
groups of vascular tissues that form strands running the length of the stem
Term
pith
Definition
the ground tissue that is inside the vascular bundles
Term
cortex
Definition
the ground tissue that is outside the vascular bundles
Term
3 features of plant cells that are absent in animal cells
Definition
1. all plant cells are surrounded by a stiff, cellulose-rich cell wall that supports the cell & defines its shape
2. the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is often connected via plasmodesmata
3. plant cells often contain several types of organelles that are not found in animals - specifically chloroplasts & a large, membrane-bound organelle called a vacuole, which fills most of the cell's volume
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
the site of photosynthesis
Term
vacuoles
Definition
store wastes & in some cases also digest wastes, as do animal lysosomes
Term
cell sap
Definition
the aqueous solution contained in vacuoles
Term
cuticle
Definition
a waxy layer that forms a continuous sheet on the surface
Term
pathogens
Definition
disease-causing agents
Term
stomata (stoma)
Definition
allow carbon dioxide to enter photosynthetically active tissues
Term
guard cells
Definition
change shape to open or close an opening in the epidermis
Term
pore
Definition
opening in the epidermis
Term
trichomes
Definition
hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells
Term
4 things that trichomes may do
Definition
1. keep the leaf surface cool by reflecting sunlight
2. reduce water loss by forming a dense mat that limits transpiration
3. provide barbs or store toxic compounds that thwart herbivores
4. trap & digest insects
Term
parenchyma cells
Definition
have relatively thin cell walls & are most abundant & versatile plant cells
Term
totipotent
Definition
parenchyma cells that retain the capacity to divide & develop into a complete, mature plant
Term
callus
Definition
a mass of undifferentiated cells
Term
collenchyma cells
Definition
have cell walls that are thicker in some areas than others & their overall shape is longer & thinner than that of parenchyma cells
Term
sclerenchyma
Definition
produce a thick secondary cell wall in addition to the relatively thin primary cell way found in all cells
Term
lignen
Definition
tough, rigid compound
Term
what is in the secondary cell wall?
Definition
lignen & cellulose
Term
2 types of sclerenchyma cells
Definition
fibers & sclereids
Term
fibers
Definition
extremely elongated sclerenchyma cells
Term
sclereids
Definition
relatively short, have variable shapes, & often function in protection sclerenchyma cells
Term
2 complex tissues in the vascular system
Definition
1. xylem: conducts water & dissolved ions in one direction (from the root system to the shoot system)
2. phloem: conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals, & other substances in two directions (from roots to shoots & from shoots to roots)
Term
2 important cell types in xylem tissue
Definition
1. tracheids: water-conducting cells
2. vessel elements: conducting cells
Term
pits
Definition
gaps in the secondary cell wall where only the primary cell is present
Term
perforations
Definition
openings that lack both primary & secondary cell walls
Term
2 specialized types of parenchyma cells that make up phloem
Definition
1. sieve-tube elements: long, thin cells that have perforated ends called sieve plates; transport sugars & other nutrients
2. companion cells: provide materials to maintain the cytoplasm & plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements
Term
secondary growth
Definition
increases the width of the plant body
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