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Chapter 3
AP Biology Chapter 3 terms
50
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2011

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Term
organic chemistry
Definition
chemistry of organisms
Term
inorganic chemistry
Definition
chemistry of the non living world
Term
functional group
Definition
a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
not soluble in water (ethane is an ex)
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
soluble in water (like ethanol - because the -OH functional group is polar)
Term
isomers
Definition
organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but different atomic configurations.
Term
polymers
Definition
the largest of the macromolecules because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunits, called monomers.
Term
macromolecules
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size
Term
dehydration reaction
Definition
This reaction is used to synthesize any type of macromolecule. It's a chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.
the equivalent of a water molecule (-OH and an -H) are removed as the reaction occurs.
Term
hydrolysis reaction
Definition
the opposite of a dehydration reaction. To degrade a macromolecule, a cell uses the hydrolysis reaction. This is when an -OH group from water attaches to one subunit, and an -H from water attaches to the other subunit. In other words, water is used to break the bond holding monomers together.
Term
enzyme
Definition
a molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together. the enzyme may even participate in causing the reaction to occur
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
an immediate energy source in living things. It includes a single sugar molecule and also chains of sugars. Chain lengths vary. long chains are called polymers.
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
a simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis (e.g. glucose)
Term
glucose
Definition
is a hexose with six carbon atoms and has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. It is transported in the blood of animals and it is the molecule that is broken down in nearly all types of organisms with the resulting buildup of ATP molecules
Term
hexose
Definition
six carbon sugar
Term
pentose
Definition
five carbon sugar
Term
ribose
Definition
pentose (5 carbon atoms) found in RNA
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
pentose (5 carbon atom) found in DNA
Term
dissacharide
Definition
contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction. (ex. glucose (monosaccharide) + glucose --> dehydration reaction --> maltose (disaccharide) + H20)
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
polymers of monosaccharides. some function as short-term energy storage molecules, because they are not soluable in water and are much larger than sugar.
Term
starch
Definition
storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains
Term
glycogen
Definition
storage polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in linear fashion but having numerous branches
Term
cellulose
Definition
the most abundant of all the carbohydrates, which in turn are the most abundant of all the organic molecules on Earth.
Term
chitin
Definition
found in the exoskeleton of crabs and related animals such as lobsters and insects is also a polymer of glucose.
Term
lipid
Definition
class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils.

insoluable in water due to their hydrocarbon chains.
Term
glycerol
Definition
compound with three -OH groups. the -OH groups are polar which makes glycerol soluble in water.
Term
fatty acid
Definition
molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group
Term
triglycerides
Definition
because there are three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule, fats and oils are sometimes called triglycerides.
Term
saturated fatty acids
Definition
have no double bonds between the carbon atoms. The carbon chain is saturated, with all the hydrogens that can be held
Term
unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom.
Term
phospholipids
Definition
it is constructed like a fat, except that in place of the third fatty acid attached to glycerol, there is a polar phosphate group. They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, they tend to arrange themselves so that only the polar heads are adjacent to a watery medium.
Term
steroids
Definition
lipids that have entirely different structures from those of fats. the steroid molecules have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.
Term
waxes
Definition
sticky solid waterproof lipid consisting of many long-chain fatty acids usually linked to long-chain alcohols.
Term
protein
Definition
molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides. Here are some of their functions: support, enzymes, transport, defense (antibodies are proteins), hormones, motion.
Term
amino acid
Definition
organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules.
Term
peptide bond
Definition
covalent bond between two amino acids
Term
peptide
Definition
two or more amino acids bonded together
Term
polypeptide
Definition
is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Term
primary structure of one protein
Definition
is its own particular sequence of amino acids.
Term
secondary structure of a protein
Definition
occurs when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
is a folding and twisting that results in the final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. globular proteins which tend to ball up into rounded shapes have a tertiary structure
Term
denatured protein
Definition
when a protein loses its natural shape. could be caused by high temperatures or changes in pH
Term
chaperones
Definition
molecules that bind to proteins as they are being synthesized to prevent them from making incorrect interactions thereby keeping their three dimensional shape.
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells.
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that stores info regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein
Term
RNA
Definition
ribonucleic acid is another bype of nucleic acid. mRNA is messager RNA, conveying info from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in protein.
Term
nucleotide
Definition
molecular complex of three types of molecules: phosphate (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.
Term
complementary base pairing
Definition
hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate - a nucleotide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose
Term
ADP
Definition
adenosine diphosphate
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