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| chemistry of the non living world |
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| a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. |
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| not soluble in water (ethane is an ex) |
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| soluble in water (like ethanol - because the -OH functional group is polar) |
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| organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but different atomic configurations. |
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| the largest of the macromolecules because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunits, called monomers. |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size |
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This reaction is used to synthesize any type of macromolecule. It's a chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.
the equivalent of a water molecule (-OH and an -H) are removed as the reaction occurs. |
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| the opposite of a dehydration reaction. To degrade a macromolecule, a cell uses the hydrolysis reaction. This is when an -OH group from water attaches to one subunit, and an -H from water attaches to the other subunit. In other words, water is used to break the bond holding monomers together. |
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| a molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together. the enzyme may even participate in causing the reaction to occur |
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| an immediate energy source in living things. It includes a single sugar molecule and also chains of sugars. Chain lengths vary. long chains are called polymers. |
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| a simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis (e.g. glucose) |
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| is a hexose with six carbon atoms and has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. It is transported in the blood of animals and it is the molecule that is broken down in nearly all types of organisms with the resulting buildup of ATP molecules |
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| pentose (5 carbon atoms) found in RNA |
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| pentose (5 carbon atom) found in DNA |
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| contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction. (ex. glucose (monosaccharide) + glucose --> dehydration reaction --> maltose (disaccharide) + H20) |
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| polymers of monosaccharides. some function as short-term energy storage molecules, because they are not soluable in water and are much larger than sugar. |
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| storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains |
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| storage polysaccharide found in animals; composed of glucose molecules joined in linear fashion but having numerous branches |
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| the most abundant of all the carbohydrates, which in turn are the most abundant of all the organic molecules on Earth. |
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| found in the exoskeleton of crabs and related animals such as lobsters and insects is also a polymer of glucose. |
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class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and oils.
insoluable in water due to their hydrocarbon chains. |
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| compound with three -OH groups. the -OH groups are polar which makes glycerol soluble in water. |
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| molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group |
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| because there are three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule, fats and oils are sometimes called triglycerides. |
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| have no double bonds between the carbon atoms. The carbon chain is saturated, with all the hydrogens that can be held |
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| have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom. |
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| it is constructed like a fat, except that in place of the third fatty acid attached to glycerol, there is a polar phosphate group. They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, they tend to arrange themselves so that only the polar heads are adjacent to a watery medium. |
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| lipids that have entirely different structures from those of fats. the steroid molecules have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. |
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| sticky solid waterproof lipid consisting of many long-chain fatty acids usually linked to long-chain alcohols. |
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| molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides. Here are some of their functions: support, enzymes, transport, defense (antibodies are proteins), hormones, motion. |
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| organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules. |
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| covalent bond between two amino acids |
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| two or more amino acids bonded together |
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| is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
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| primary structure of one protein |
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| is its own particular sequence of amino acids. |
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| secondary structure of a protein |
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| occurs when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way |
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| is a folding and twisting that results in the final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. globular proteins which tend to ball up into rounded shapes have a tertiary structure |
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| when a protein loses its natural shape. could be caused by high temperatures or changes in pH |
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| molecules that bind to proteins as they are being synthesized to prevent them from making incorrect interactions thereby keeping their three dimensional shape. |
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| polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells. |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that stores info regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein |
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| ribonucleic acid is another bype of nucleic acid. mRNA is messager RNA, conveying info from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in protein. |
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| molecular complex of three types of molecules: phosphate (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base. |
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| complementary base pairing |
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| hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate - a nucleotide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose |
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