Term
|
Definition
The Nervous System is the interacting network of
nerve cells that underlies all psychological activit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fundamental unit of the nervous system
– Neurons communicate through electrical and
chemical means |
|
|
Term
| Transmit information from sensory cells to the brain |
|
Definition
Sensory Neurons
afferent neurons |
|
|
Term
Transmit information from brain to the organs and
muscles |
|
Definition
motor neurons
efferent neurons |
|
|
Term
Pass information between various sensory and motor
neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
part of neuron that extends out
from the cell body and collect
input |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes input from dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sends information forward
through the axon to the next
neuron |
|
|
Term
– A coating of lipids (fat), derived from glial cells,
that surrounds most axons
– Isolates axon from chemical or physical stimuli that
might interfere with the transmission of nerve
impulses
– Multiple Scelerosis and Lou Gehrig’s disease
involve demyelization of axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
– End of axon
– Transmit signal to the next neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
– Charge when neuron is not firing
– Sodium ions (outside) and potassium ions (inside)
are balanced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Influx of positively charged sodium ions
• Makes neuron more likely to fire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Outflow of positively charged potassium ions
• Makes neuron less likely to fire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. |
|
|
Term
– Brief voltages that travel down dendrites
– Strength diminishes as it travels away from
stimulation
– Signals are additive
– Creates information by integrating from multiple
sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
– Sufficient graded potential triggers a sudden change
in neuron
– All or none event
– Passes along already created information |
|
Definition
| • Action Potentials (Nerve Impulse) |
|
|
Term
– The bridge (connection)
between axon of one
neuron and dendrite of
next neuron
• Presyy p naptic neuronneuron sending signal
• Postsynaptic neuronneuron receiving signa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Actual connection point
between axon and dendri |
|
|
Term
– Small sacs within terminal buttons that contain
chemical neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
– Chemicals that transmit information from one
neuron to another
– When neuron fires the chemicals go into the
synaptic cleft
– Each neurotransmitter fits with a particular receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
increase
action potential |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
excites neurons especially important in learning
excitation of neurons throughout the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Inhibits neurons; important for anxiety regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emotional arousal, pleasure, voluntary movement,
attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits neurons; Mood, depression, emotional arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain relief and elevation of mood |
|
|
Term
A collection of glands that secrete hormones
(signals) directly into the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • A second system, similar to the nervous system, for intercellular communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Able to simultaneously stimulate numerous cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Master Gland
– Hormones it releases stimulate and regulate other
glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Releases hormones involved with growth and
metabolism
– Impacts energy level and mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Release adrenalin during emergencies
– Prepares one for fight or flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Influence sexual development and behavior
– Testosterone in males
– Estrogens in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
Neurons throughout the rest of the body that
transmit signals to and from the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Intentional actions
• Also regulates automatic behaviors such as
balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Afferent Neurons send signals from PNS to
CNS, such as signal of touching a hot stove
– Efferent Neurons send signals from CNS to
PNS, such as signal to move hand from stove |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Transmits sensory information from sensory
neurons to brain
– Transmits instructions from the brain to motor
neurons that initiate movement
– Also capable of reflex actions |
|
|
Term
31 pairs of sensory and motor neuron bundles
to transmit and receive data to/from CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Directly above and linked to the spinal cord
– Most primitive, yet essential, part of nervous system
– Sustains life by controlling air intake, blood, arousal
level; damage to hindbrain is likely to be fatal
– Includes:
• Medulla Oblongata
• Cerebellum
• Parts of the reticular formation
• Pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Extension of spinal cord into brain; essential to life
• Controls heartbeat, circulation, and respiration
– N b dl h f id f h b d Nerve bundles cross here from one side of the body
to the opposite side of the brain
– Weakness in left side of the body suggests a
problem on the right side of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Network of neurons that extends from medulla to
the upper end of the midbrain
• Maintains consciousness, regulates arousal and modulates
activity of neurons throughout CNS
– Sends signals to many parts of the CNS |
|
|
Term
– Involved with motor learning, movement, balance,
and posture
– When impacted our movements are not well
coordinated
– May also help with learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved with vision and hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of terminal buttons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| emotional arousal anxiety and fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system that serves viceral or internal bodily structures connected with basic ife processes such as the beating of the heart and breathing consists of two parts the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| the part of the autonomic nervous system involved in conserving and maintaining the bodys energy resources |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| a branch of the autonomic nervous system, typically activated in response to threats to the organism, which readies the body for fight or flight reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain above the spinal cord that includes the medullla, cerebellum, and parts of the reticular formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extension of the spinal cord, essential to life, controlling such vital phsiological functions as heartbeat, circulations, and respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse network or neurons that extends from the lowest parts of the medulla in the hindbrain to the upper end of the midbrain, serving to maintain consciousness, regulate arousal levels, and modulate the activity of neurons throughout the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Measures electrical activity on surface of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Uses brain scans, similar to X-rays to create image
• PET scans show active parts of brain
• fMRI shows brain as individual solves tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved with motor learning, movement, balance,
and posture
– When impacted our movements are not well
coordinated
– May also help with learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Involved with vision and hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved with orienting body and eyes towards a
sensory stimuli
– Also involved with conscious arousal and activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved with complex sensory, emotional,
cognitive and behavioral processes
– Lies below the cortex
– Consists of the
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Limbic System
• Basal Ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved with eating, sleeping, sexual activity,
emotional experience
– Key link between the nervous system and the
endi tocrne system
– Activates pituitary gland during stressful events
– Involved with maintaining homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Processes sensory data and transmits it to higher
brain centers
– Also regulates neural signals (emphasizing more
i t t) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and
memory
– Includes Septal Area, Amygdala, and
Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Involved in emotional learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Learning g yg and remembering emotionally significant
events
• Especially attaching emotional significance to events
– Involved in recognizing emotions in other people
(e.g., fear in others) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Involved in storing information in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Involved in movement and judgments requiring
minimal conscious thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– 80% of brain mass
– Allows flexible construction of voluntary
movements
– Subtle discrimination among complex sensory
patterns
– Enables symbolic thinking (foundation of human
thought) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Two halves of the cortex that are divided by a
longitudinal fissure
• Cerebral Hemisphere: two halves of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a band of fibers that connects the
two hemispheres of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – In rear of cortex, involved in vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– In front of occipital lobes involved in touch In front of occipital lobes, involved in touch
– Somatosensory Cortex receives sensory information
from different sections of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Movement, planning, abstract thinking, memory,
some aspects of personality
– Motor cortex initiates voluntary movements
– Damage leads to paralysis, difficulty in focusing
attention, poor problem solving
– Broca’s Area is involved in language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Hearing, language, and recognizing objects by sight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Language, logic, complex behavior and consciousness
(analytical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Nonlinguistic functions such as visual images, music, feeling |
|
|
Term
| • Sex Differences in Lateralization |
|
Definition
– Small but consistent differences exist:
– Females score better on tests of verbal fluency,
perceptual speed, and manual dexterity
– Males score better on tests of mathematical ability Malesscore better on tests of mathematical ability
and spatial processing
– Females are less lateralized for language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– The probability of sharing genes with relatives
– Question for field: Does degree of similarity
correspond to degree of relatedness |
|
|
Term
Twins
– Monozygotic =
– Dizygotic= |
|
Definition
– Monozygotic = Same sperm and (one) egg
– Dizygotic= Two sperm and two eggs |
|
|
Term
| • Heritability Coefficient |
|
Definition
– Degree of variation in a trait across individuals
– Heritability of 50% means 50% comes from genes,
50% comes from environment |
|
|
