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Chapter 3
Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity
31
Psychology
12th Grade
03/07/2013

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Term
environment
Definition
Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Term
behavior genetics
Definition
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Term
DNA
Definition
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Term
genes
Definition
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
Term
genome
Definition
The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.
Term
identical twins
Definition
Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.
Term
fraternal twins
Definition
Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.
Term
temperament
Definition
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Term
heritability
Definition
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. May vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Term
interaction
Definition
The effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor such as heredity).
Term
molecular genetics
Definition
the subfield of biology that studies the molucular structure and function of genes.
Term
evolutionary psychology
Definition
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Term
natural selection
Definition
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Term
mutation
Definition
A random error in gene reproduction that leads to a change.
Term
gender
Definition
In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define "male" and "female."
Term
culture
Definition
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Term
norm
Definition
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe "proper" behavior.
Term
personal space
Definition
The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
Term
individualism
Definition
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.
Term
collectivism
Definition
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
Term
aggression
Definition
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
Term
X chromosome
Definition
The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two; males have one. One from each parents produces a female child.
Term
Y chromosome
Definition
The sex chromosome found only in males. Produces a male child.
Term
testosterone
Definition
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the higher levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Term
role
Definition
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
Term
gender role
Definition
A set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
Term
gender identity
Definition
One's sense of being male or female.
Term
gender-typing
Definition
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Term
social learning theory
Definition
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished.
Term
gender schema theory
Definition
The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.
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