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chapter 3
OB
28
Business
Undergraduate 4
02/26/2013

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Term
perception has 3 components
Definition
o A perceiver
o A target that is being perceived
o Some situational context in which the perception is occurring
Term
perception
Definition
• The process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment
Term
perceptual defence
Definition
• The tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions, ie, see what we want to see
Term
social identity theory
Definition
• A theory that states that people form perceptions of themselves based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories
Term
Bruner’s perceptual model:
Definition
• selectivity, constancy, and consistency in our perception of people
Term
primacy vs recency effect
Definition
o Primacy effect:
• The tendency for a perceiver to rely on early cues or first impressions
o Recency effect:
• The tendency for a perceiver to rely on recent cues or last impressions
Term
reliance on central traits
Definition
o personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver
• ie appearance, good looking people are paid more
Term
implicit personality theories
Definition
o personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together
• ie assume hardworking people are likely also honest
Term
projection
Definition
o the tendency for perceivers to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others
o someone stealing from the company using “But so does everyone else”
Term
attribution
Definition
The process by which causes or motives are assigned to explain people’s behaviour
Term
dispositional attributions
Definition
 Explanations for behaviour based on an actor’s personality or intellect
 Reflects the “true person” , ie, explaining a behaviour as a function of greed, friendliness, or laziness
Term
situational attributions
Definition
 Explanations for behaviour based on an actor’s external situation or environment
 Ie, explaining a behaviour as a function of bad weather, good luck, poor advice, or proper tools
Term
consistency cues
Definition
• Attribution cues that reflect how consistently a person engages in a behaviour over time
Term
consensus cues
Definition
• Attribution cues that reflect how a person’s behaviour compares with that of others
Term
distinctiveness cues
Definition
• Attribution cues that reflect the extent to which a person engages in some behaviour across a variety of situations
• Ie, a good prof has long hours, distinctive if he is helpful also, if not, it is likely long hours rule
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
o The tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behaviour at the expense of situational explanations
o Ie, poor performance at work suggests laziness, but really it is a bad sales territory or poor training.
Term
actor-observer effect
Definition
o The propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actor’s behaviour differently
o Ie, leave early to arrive for a meeting, and hit an accident delay that was truly unusual. I know I left early, but my boss sees me arrive late and assumes I am unreliable
Term
self serving bias
Definition
o The tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and deny responsibility for failures
o Ie, a 95% on a test, likely to make a dispositional attribution, but upon a failing grade, the same student is likely to find situational causes to explain the fail
Term
workplace diversity
Definition
o differences among recruits and employees in characteristics such as gender, race, age, religion, cultural background, physical ability, or sexual orientation
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
o Members of a social group feel they might be judged or treated according to a stereotype and that their behaviour or performance will confirm this stereotype
Term
trust
Definition
o A psychological state in which one has a willingness to be vulnerable and to take risks with respect to the actions of another party
Term
perceived organizational support POS
Definition
o Employees’ general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being
Term
Organizational Support Theory
Definition
o A theory that states that employees who have strong perceptions of organizational support feel an obligation to care about the organization’s welfare and to help the organization achieve its objectives
Term
• Perceptions in the employment interview
o Contrast effects:
Definition
• Previously interviewed job applicants affect an interviewer’s perception of a current applicant, leading to an exaggeration of differences between applicants
• Ie, see two great applicants, and then an average, the average looks poorer than had the previous two also been average
Term
• Perceptions of recruitment and selection
o Signalling theory:
Definition
• Job applicants interpret their recruitment experiences as cues or signals about what it is like to work in an organization
• Ie, poor treatment during an interview may suggest a lack of professionalism and respect of employees
Term
leniency vs harshness
Definition
• Job applicants interpret their recruitment experiences as cues or signals about what it is like to work in an organization
• Ie, poor treatment during an interview may suggest a lack of professionalism and respect of employees

vs

• The tendency to perceive the job performance of ratees as especially ineffective
Term
central tendency
Definition
• The tendency to assign most ratees to middle-range job performance categories (80% c's would be committing and error
Term
Halo effect
Definition
• The rating of an individual on one trait or characteristic tends to colour ratings on other traits or characteristics
• Ie, a manager views an employee frequently late, and thus assumes productivity must also be negatively affected
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